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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The Institute of Medicine was chartered in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to enlist distinguished members of the appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. In this, the Institute acts under both the Academy's 1863 congressional charter responsibility to be an adviser to the federal government and its own initiative in identifying issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
This study was supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development. The views presented in this report are those of the Institute of Medicine Board on International Health and are not necessarily those of the funding organization.
International Standard Book No. 0-309-06029-X
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Committee On Micronutrient Deficiencies
ABRAHAM HORWITZ (Chair),
Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C.
JOSEPH A. COOK,
Program for Tropical Disease Research, The Edna McConell Clark Foundation, New York City
JOHN DUNN,
University of Virginia Health Sciences Center
JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR.,
Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
OSMAN M. GALAL,
Department of Community Health Services, School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles
JAMES GREENE,
Chevy Chase, Maryland
E. C. HENLEY,
Protein Technologies International, St. Louis, Missouri
EILEEN T. KENNEDY,
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
REYNALDO MARTORELL,
Department of International Health, The Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
The United Nations University, Food and Nutrition Program for Human and Social Development, Boston
KEITH P. WEST, JR.,
Division of Human Nutrition, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
Staff
CHRISTOPHER P. HOWSON, Director,
Board on International Health
STEPHANIE Y. SMITH, Administrative/Research Assistant
SHARON GALLOWAY, Financial Associate
Board On International Health
BARRY R. BLOOM (Cochair),*
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
HARVEY V. FINEBERG (Cochair),*
Harvard University School of Public Health
JACQUELYN CAMPBELL,
The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing
JULIO FRENK,*
Fundación Mexicana para la Salud, Mexico, D.F.
DEAN T. JAMISON,*
Center for Pacific Rim Studies, University of California at Los Angeles
EILEEN T. KENNEDY,
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
ARTHUR KLEINMAN,*
Harvard University Medical School
BERNARD LIESE,
Health Services Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
WILLIAM E. PAUL,*
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and Office of AIDS Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
ALLAN ROSENFIELD,
Columbia University School of Public Health
PATRICIA ROSENFIELD,
The Carnegie Corporation of New York, New York City
THOMAS J. RYAN,
Boston University School of Medicine, and Senior Consultant in Cardiology, Boston University Medical Center
JUNE E. OSBORN (Institute of Medicine Liaison),*
Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation, New York City
JOHN H. BRYANT* (Ex-Officio),
Moscow, Vermont
WILLIAM H. FOEGE* (Ex-Officio),
Task Force on Child Survival, The Carter Center, Emory University
DAVID P. RALL (Institute of Medicine Foreign Secretary),*
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (retired), Washington, D.C.
Staff
CHRISTOPHER P. HOWSON, Director
STEPHANIE Y. SMITH, Administrative/Research Assistant
SHARON GALLOWAY, Financial Associate
Food And Nutrition Board
CUTBERTO GARZA (Chair),
Division of Nutrition, Cornell University
JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR. (Vice Chair),
Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois
LINDSAY H. ALLEN,
Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis
BENJAMIN CABALLERO,
Center for Human Nutrition, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
FERGUS M. CLYDESDALE,
Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
ROBERT J. COUSINS,
Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida
MICHAEL P. DOYLE,
Department of Food Science and Technology, Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, The University of Georgia, Griffin
JOHANNA T. DWYER,
Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center Hospital, Boston, and Departments of Medicine and Community Health, Tufts University Medical School and School of Nutrition Science and Policy
SCOTT M. GRUNDY,*
Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
CHARLES H. HENNEKENS,
Harvard University Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston
JANET C. KING,*
University of California at Berkeley, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Western Human Nutrition Research Center, San Francisco
SANFORD A. MILLER,
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
ROSS L. PRENTICE,
Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
A. CATHERINE ROSS,
Department of Nutrition, The Pennsylvania State University
ROBERT E. SMITH,
R. E. Smith Consulting, Inc., Newport, Vermont
VIRGINIA A. STALLINGS,
Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
VERNON R. YOUNG,†
Laboratory of Human Nutrition, School of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
STEVE L. TAYLOR (Ex-Officio),
Department of Food Science and Technology and Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska at Lincoln
HARVEY R. COLTEN* (Institute of Medicine Council Liaison),
Northwestern University Medical School
Staff
ALLISON A. YATES, Director
GAIL A. SPEARS, Administrative Assistant
CARLOS GABRIEL, Financial Associate
Acknowledgments
The committee is grateful to the many individuals who made substantive and productive contributions to this project. Particular thanks are in order to the authors of the background papers, whose effective efforts provided important information bearing on the topic of this report: John Stanbury; Barbara Underwood, National Institutes of Health; and Fernando Viteri, University of California-Berkeley. The committee gives special thanks to the following workshop participants: Lindsay Allen, University of California at Davis; Frances Davidson, USAID; Johanna Dwyer, New England Medical Center; Miguel Gueri, Pan American Health Organization; Suzanne Harris, International Life Sciences Institute; James Olson, Iowa State University; Margaret Burns Parlato, Academy for Educational Development; Soekirman, World Bank; and Rebecca Stoltzfus, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. The committee would also like to thank Christopher Howson, project director; Stephanie Smith, project assistant; Sharon Galloway, financial associate; Michael Edington, managing editor; Claudia Carl, staff associate for report review; and Caroline McEuen, contract editor.
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DEDICATED TO
Abraham Horwitz, M.D.
For his extraordinary commitment to this report and to the ideal of health for all.
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