Essential Health Care Services Addressing Intimate Partner Violence (2024) / Chapter Skim
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2 Intimate Partner Violence in Steady State Conditions
2 Intimate Partner Violence in Steady State Conditions
Pages 37-62
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From page 37... ...
. The past 12 months prevalence was 7.3 percent for experiencing any form of IPV, with 3.2 percent of women experiencing contact sexual violence, 4.5 percent experiencing any physical violence, 2.5 percent experiencing stalking, and 6.7 percent experiencing psychological abuse.
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From page 38... ...
Contact sexual violence includes rape, being made to penetrate someone else, sexual coercion, and unwanted sexual contact. Stalking victimization refers to a pattern of harassing or threatening tactics used by people engaging in IPV that is both unwanted and causes fear or safety concerns in the woman experiencing abuse.
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From page 39... ...
TABLE 2-2 Lifetime Prevalence by Race and Ethnicity for U.S. Women from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016–2017 Report Asian or American Pacific Indian or Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic, Non-Hispanic, Islander Alaska Native Multiracial Lifetime Prevalencea Percenta Percent Black Percent White Percent Percent Percent Percent N 15,152b 2,197 1,864 9,879 849 91 257 Any contact sexual 47.3 42.1 53.6 48.4 27.2 57.7 63.8 violence, physical violence, and/or stalking a All percentages are weighted to the U.S.
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. The CDC released its second version of Intimate Partner Violence Surveillance: Uniform D efinitions and Recommended Data Elements in 2015 with updated and added terminology, again with the intention of improving data gathering for IPV surveillance.
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The 2016–2017 analysis of the NISVS found that 57.7 percent of non-Hispanic AI/AN women in the survey had experienced IPV in the form of physical violence, contact sexual violence, or stalking in their lifetime (Leemis et al., 2022)
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. This study also found that AI/AN women experiencing IPV were 1.5 times more likely than non-Hispanic White women to be physically injured due to IPV and 2.3 times more likely to need medical care.
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. An analysis of PRAMS data for 43,811 persons who had a live birth between 2018 and 2020 highlighted the role of sociodemographic factors and disability status of those experiencing IPV during the perinatal period (Alhusen et al., 2023)
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Perinatal Intimate Partner Homicide The most severe outcome of abuse from a current or former intimate partner during the perinatal period is death. In an analysis of data from 2003–2007 from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS)
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. An analysis of 2003-2017 data from the National Violent Death Reporting System found that pregnancyrelated intimate partner homicide (IPH)
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. A systematic review including nine studies looking specifically at bisexuality and IPV found that in three of those studies, women who identified as bisexual had an increased risk of experiencing IPV (Corey et al., 2023)
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From page 47... ...
. Researchers have suggested that women experiencing IPV who live in rural areas may have worse physical and mental health outcomes due to inadequate availability, accessibility, and quality of IPV resources in their area (Edwards, 2015; Peek-Asa et al., 2011; Reckdenwald et al., 2017)
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. Hispanic and Asian immigrant women experiencing IPV face significant social, cultural, structural, and political barriers to communication with IPV care providers which affect their help-seeking behaviors related to IPV (Stockman et al., 2015)
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(2012) suggested that the relationship may not be strong because substance use tends to co-occur with other risk factors for experiencing IPV.
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. RISK FACTORS FOR PEOPLE ENGAGING IN IPV While this report focuses on women experiencing IPV, research on factors associated with IPV risk has concentrated on characteristics associated with people engaging in IPV.
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Society-level risk factors include cultural norms that support traditional gender roles, gender inequality, and aggression toward others. Income inequality and weak policies or laws related to PREPUBLICATION COPY -- Uncorrected Proofs
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The absence of risk factors is associated with a lower likelihood of people engaging in IPV. Protective factors specifically identified in studies include strong social support networks; neighborhood collective efficacy; coordination of resources and services among community agencies; and access to housing, medical care, and economic and financial help (CDC, 2021)
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From page 53... ...
. FACTORS INFLUENCING DISCLOSURE Barriers to Disclosure There are several reasons commonly cited by women experiencing IPV to not disclose that they are experiencing IPV to a clinician, including shame and fear of the consequences of reporting, including retaliation (Heron et al., 2021; Othman et al., 2014)
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. While some barriers to IPV disclosure are shared by most women experiencing IPV, some populations face additional challenges that increase their hesitancy to disclose that they are experiencing IPV.
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From page 55... ...
Understanding the prevalence of IPV, the populations most at risk, factors associated with people engaging in IPV, and barriers to disclosure can enable planning that ensures that the health care needs of women experiencing IPV are addressed, whether during steady state conditions or public health emergencies. The next chapter provides an overview of public health emergencies and discusses their impact on IPV prevalence and access to IPV related health care.
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From page 56... ...
2014. Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization -- National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011.
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2012. A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence.
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2022. Intimate partner violence, economic insecurity, and health outcomes among American Indian and Alaska Native men and women: Findings from a national sample.
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2022. The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2016/2017 report on intimate partner violence.
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1999. Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements.
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2019. Opioid use and intimate partner violence: A systematic review.
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2022. Caught in the crossroad: An intersectional examination of African American women intimate partner violence survivors' help seek ing.
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