Essential Health Care Services Addressing Intimate Partner Violence (2024) / Chapter Skim
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2 Intimate Partner Violence in Steady State Conditions
2 Intimate Partner Violence in Steady State Conditions
Pages 37-62
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From page 37... ...
. The past 12 months prevalence was 7.3 percent for experiencing any form of IPV, with 3.2 percent of women experiencing contact sexual violence, 4.5 percent experiencing any physical violence, 2.5 percent experiencing stalking, and 6.7 percent experiencing psychological abuse.
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From page 38... ...
Contact sexual violence includes rape, being made to penetrate someone else, sexual coercion, and unwanted sexual contact. Stalking refers to a pattern of harassing or threatening tactics used by people engaging in IPV that is both unwanted and causes fear or safety concerns in the woman experiencing abuse.
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From page 39... ...
TABLE 2-2 Lifetime Prevalence by Race and Ethnicity for U.S. Women from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016–2017 Report Asian or American Non-Hispanic, Non-Hispanic, Pacific Indian or Lifetime Prevalence Total Hispanic Black White Islander Alaska Native Multiracial Na 15,152 2,197 1,864 9,879 849 91 257 Any contact sexual 47.3 42.1 53.6 48.4 27.2 57.7 63.8 violence, physical violence, and/or stalking percentageb aN=number of respondents b All percentages are weighted to the U.S.
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. CDC released its second version of Intimate Partner Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements in 2015 with updated and added terminology, again with the intention of improving data gathering for IPV surveillance.
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. Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Among American Indian/Alaska Native Women AI/AN women are a population that experiences exceptionally high rates of IPV.
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. Pregnant and Postpartum Women Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence in the Perinatal Period Studies comparing IPV prevalence before and during pregnancy have had mixed findings, with some reporting a decline during pregnancy
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. Intimate Partner Violence Screening in the Perinatal Period While the nature of perinatal care, which involves multiple visits with a clinician during that period, provides greater opportunity for IPV detection,
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. A systematic review of research investigating intimate partner homicide during pregnancy or postpartum also concluded that current or former intimate partners were most frequently the perpetrator of the murder (Noursi et al., 2020)
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. An analysis of 2003–2017 data from the National Violent Death Reporting System found that pregnancy-related intimate partner homicide (IPH)
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. A systematic review including nine studies looking specifically at bisexuality and IPV found that in three of those studies, women who identified as bisexual had an increased risk of experiencing IPV (Corey et al., 2023)
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From page 47... ...
. Researchers have suggested that women experiencing IPV who live in rural areas may have worse physical and mental health outcomes due to inadequate availability, accessibility, and quality of IPV resources in their area (Edwards, 2015; Peek-Asa et al., 2011; Reckdenwald et al., 2017)
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From page 48... ...
. Hispanic and Asian immigrant women experiencing IPV face significant social, cultural, structural, and political barriers to communication with IPV care providers which affect their help-seeking behaviors related to IPV (Stockman et al., 2015)
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(2012) suggested that the relationship may not be strong because substance use tends to co-occur with other risk factors for experiencing IPV.
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. RISK FACTORS FOR PEOPLE ENGAGING IN INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE While this report focuses on women experiencing IPV, research on factors associated with IPV risk has concentrated on characteristics associated with people engaging in IPV.
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These include individual, relation Multiple factors are associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration.
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From page 52... ...
The absence of risk factors is associated with a lower likelihood of people engaging in IPV. Protective factors specifically identified in studies include strong social support networks; neighborhood collective efficacy; coordination of resources and services among community agencies; and access to housing, medical care, and economic and financial help (CDC, 2021)
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From page 53... ...
. FACTORS INFLUENCING DISCLOSURE Barriers to Disclosure There are several reasons commonly cited by women experiencing IPV to not disclose that they are experiencing IPV to a clinician, including shame and fear of the consequences of reporting, such as retaliation (Heron et al., 2021; Othman et al., 2014)
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. While some barriers to IPV disclosure are shared by most women experiencing IPV, some populations face additional challenges that increase their hesitancy to disclose that they are experiencing IPV.
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From page 55... ...
Understanding the prevalence of IPV, the populations most at risk, factors associated with people engaging in IPV, and barriers to disclosure can enable planning that ensures that the health care needs of women experiencing IPV are addressed, whether during steady state conditions or public health emergencies. The next chapter provides an overview of public health emergencies and discusses their impact on IPV prevalence and access to IPV related health care.
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From page 56... ...
2014. Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization -- National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011.
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2012. A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence.
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2022. Intimate partner violence, economic insecurity, and health outcomes among American Indian and Alaska Native men and women: Findings from a national sample.
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2022. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 report on intimate partner violence.
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2023. Prevalence and risk factors for intimate partner violence and indigenous women: A scoping review.
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1999. Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements.
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2022. Caught in the crossroad: An intersectional examination of African American women intimate partner violence survivors' help seek ing.
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