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From page 541... ... Inclex A Abortion, spontaneous, 258 Absorption of nutrients. See also Bioavailability of nutrients; Malabsorption syndromes biotin, 376 choline, 392-393 folate, 1, 8-9, 198, 211, 212, 233, 256, 259 niacin, 124-125 pantothenic acid, 358, 366 pregnancy and, 33, 89 riboflavin, 88-89, 102, 115 sensitivity considerations, 48 thiamin, 59, 62, 81-82 vitamin Be, 151, 160-161 vitamin B12, 33, 306, 307-309, 313, 317, 318, 320, 322, 328, 330, 331, 333, 334, 339, 429 Acetaldehyde, 164 Acetaminophen, 212 Acne, 346 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Read the entire page →
From page 542... ... See also Pernicious anemia Anencephaly, 241, 243 Aneurin. See Thiamin Animal studies choline, 396, 397, 398, 399, 413-414 considerations in use of data from, 53 extrapolation of data from, 28, 43-44, 46, 52, 55, 56, 153 neural tube defects, 244, 245, 523-525 relevance of, 50, 51, 211 vitamin Bl2 deficiency, 274, 310, 346 Antibiotics, 94, 313, 320 Anticonvulsants, 212, 240, 246, 276, 380, 525 Anti-inflammatory drugs (nonsteroidal) Read the entire page →
From page 543... ... , 382 plasma concentrations, 379 pregnancy and, 33, 380, 382-383, 385 research recommendations, 385-386, 440 risk characterization, 385 special considerations, 383 supplement use, 38-39, 384 transport, 376-377 ULs, 13, 56, 374, 384-385 unit conversions, 452 Biotin deficiency facies, 377-378 Biotinidase, 375, 380, 383 Blacks glucose-6-dehydrogenase status, 108 homocysteine levels, 158 pernicious anemia, 317 riboflavin, 91, 106 vitamin Be, 174 Blood pressure. See Hypertension Body Mass Index, 24, 25, 260 Body odor, 408, 411 Body weight. Read the entire page →
From page 544... ... See also individual sites choline and, 265, 398 dysplasia and metaplasia, 264-265 folate and, 12, 196, 204, 205, 264-266, 269, 276 riboflavin and, 90, 94 vitamin BE and, 264, 317, 346 Carbamazopine, 246, 525 Carbohydrate metabolism, 58, 63, 94, 9596 Carcinoid syndrome, 128, 137 Cardiovascular disease. See Coronary heart disease; Vascular disease and thrombosis Carpal tunnel syndrome, 182, 184, 187 Cataracts, 94 Causality, 51 Cervical neoplasia, 264-265, 266 Children, ages 1 through 8 years. Read the entire page →
From page 545... ... See also Neural tube defects Diabetes mellitus, 90, 144, 260, 321 Diabetic neuropathy, 184 Dietary fiber, 18, 211, 322 Read the entire page →
From page 546... ... See also Canada; Nutrient intakes; Supplements; specific nutrients and bioavailability, 15, 16, 343 food composition databases, 15, 35-36 food frequency questionnaires, 225, 247 gender differences, 8-9, 79, 180, 181, 306, 344, 345, 460-506 overreporting of, 247 self-reported, 35 sources of data, 36-37, 113 underreporting of, 36, 272 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIB) applicable population, 18 categories, 2, 6-7, 17, 18-23, 423, 424; see also Adequate Intakes; Estimated Average Requirements; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Tolerable Upper Intake Levels criteria for, 6-7, 10, 423 defined, 2-3, 17-18 extrapolation from other age groups, 20, 31-33 framework, 446 group applications, 4, 8, 14, 20, 427432, 434 individual applications, 4, 6, 18, 424425, 432-435 origin, 443-444 parameters for, 23-26; see also Life-stage groups; Reference weights risk of inadequacy, 19 rounding of values, 23 n.2 sources of data, 2, 6; see also Methodological considerations uses, 2, 3, 4, 14, 423-435 Diphenylhydantoin, 212 Diphyllobothrium lactum, 317 DNA replication and repair, 124, 127, 145, 196, 265 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES DNA synthesis, 27, 197, 258, 265, 311 Dose-response assessment for ULs adolescents, 187, 281, 412 adults, 142-143, 184-186, 277-280, 410 biotin, 385 children, 187, 281, 412 choline, 410-412, 413-414 components and process, 44, 45, 51 critical endpoints, 49, 53-54, 183, 277, 410 data selection, 53, 142, 184, 277, 410 defined, 537 derivation of ULs from, 46-47, 52, 5556, 143, 186, 280, 410 folate, 277-281 infants, 186, 281, 411-412 lactation, 187, 281, 412 by life-stage group, 143-144, 184-187, 277-281, 410-412 niacin, 142-144 NOAEL/LOAEL identification, 53-54, 142-143, 184-185, 277-279, 410 pregnancy, 186, 187, 281, 412 riboflavin, 116 special considerations, 56, 144, 187, 281, 412 thiamin, 82 uncertainty assessment, 54-55, 143, 186, 279-280, 410 vitamin Be, 184-187 vitamin B12, 347 Drug interactions with choline, 399 with folate, 212-213, 240, 246, 265-266, 276 with niacin, 128, 129, 137 with riboflavin, 94 with vitamin Be, 162 with vitamin B12' 313, 342 E Elderly people. Read the entire page →
From page 547... ... See Race/ethnicity Etretinate, 246 Euglena gracilis, 315, 323 Exposure duration of, 52 route of, 51-52, 53 Exposure assessment biotin, 385 choline, 412-413 derivation of ULs, 46, 48, 412-413 folate, 229-232, 248-253, 281-282 niacin, 144 pantothenic acid, 370 process, 44, 45 riboflavin, 116 thiamin, 82 vitamin Be, 187 vitamin Bit, 347 Extrapolation of data from animal studies, 28, 43-44, 46, 52, 55, 56, 153 from one gender group to another, 32, 403 from other age groups, 20, 29, 31-33, 56, 66, 103-104, 105, 106, 131, 167, 215, 217, 220, 325, 326, 362-363, 364, 381, 382, 401-402 F Fat, dietary, 95-96 Fetal. See also Neural tube defects; Pregnancy biotin, 377, 385 choline, 404, 405 folate, 233 growth retardation, 277, 385 Read the entire page →
From page 548... ... , 87-88, 89, 92, 95, 96, 116, 129 Flavokinase, 89 Folate, 196-305. See also Dietary folate equivalents; Folic acid absorption and transport, 1, 198, 211, 212, 233, 259 adolescents, 220, 233-238, 239, 240, 280-281 adults (19-50 years) Read the entire page →
From page 549... ... See also Fortified foods biotin, 384 choline, 406-407 folate, 269-272 niacin, 128, 137-138, 139 pantothenic acid, 368-369 riboflavin, 113, 114 thiamin, 79, 80 types of information, 37-38 vitamin Be, 179-181 vitamin Bit, 306, 309, 342-343, 344345, 435 Formiminoglutamic acid, 314 Formulas, infant bioavailability of nutrients from, 30, 402 choline, 402, 407 cow milk, 402 Read the entire page →
From page 550... ... See also Men; Women; individual nutrients dietary intakes, 8-9, 79, 180, 181, 306, 344, 345, 460-506 extrapolation between groups, 32, 403 and metabolism of nutrients, 108, 213214 and plasma homocysteine, 203 supplement intakes, 38-39, 113, 257, 462-465 in vascular disease, 260 Genetic influences biotin, 380, 383 choline, 409 folate, 16, 203, 213-214, 244-245, 259, 263 neural tube defects, 244-245 special considerations, 347, 383, 409 thiamin, 61 vitamin Be, 16, 168 vitamin Bit, 16, 322, 347 Glucose intolerance, 141 Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 91, 108 Glutathione reductase activity, 10, 87, 9091, 94, 95 Gout, 144 Grain products, 14, 79, 113, 114, 128, 137138, 139, 208-209, 270 Growth factors, 32, 106 Growth retardation, 277, 385 H Hartnup's disease, 128, 137 Hazard identification adverse effects, 50-51, 81-82, 182-183, 273-277, 346, 370, 408-409 biotin, 384-385 choline, 408-410, 411 components of, 44, 45, 50-52, 538 data sources, 50, 51 derivation of UL, 46 folate, 273-277 niacin, 138, 140-142 pantothenic acid, 370 riboflavin, 115-116 special considerations, 52, 347, 370, 409 thiamin, 81-82 vitamin Be, 182-183 vitamin Bit, 346-347 Health Canada, 444 Hemodialysis patients, 18, 79, 112, 137, 383, 385 Holotranscobalamin II, 314 Homocysteine catabolism, 158-159, 170-171, 175 and choline status, 27, 398, 413 gender differences, 518-519 and folate status, 11, 12, 159, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201-203, 214, 221, 223, 224, 225, 228-232, 234, 239, 244245, 246, 260-261, 262, 268, 314 life stage and, 159, 203, 518-519 methionine synthesis, 27, 88, 155-156, 268, 306, 307, 399, 521 and neural tube defects, 244-245, 246, 524 in older adults, 314 and riboflavin status, 27 and vascular disease, 12, 154, 159-160 175, 260-261, 262, 398, 520 and vitamin Be status, 151, 154, 155-156, 158-159, 170-171, 175, 244, 314 Read the entire page →
From page 551... ... , 41 International comparisons neural tube defects, 242-243 Intrinsic factor, 306, 307-308, 310, 315, 317, 318, 330, 333 Iron, 129, 177, 210 Isoniazid, 128, 137, 162 Isotretinoin, 246 Read the entire page →
From page 552... ... ~2 K Kloeckera brevis bioassay, 379 Kynurenine hydroxylase, 88 L Laboratory values analytic considerations, 34, 205-206, 272,313,315,407,456-459 conversion between tradition and SI units, 451-452 interlaboratory differences, 206-207, 268, 315 interpretation of study results, 34 sensitivity and specificity, 34-35, 379, 407 Lactation. See also Human milk; individual nutrients derivation of DRIs for, 33 energy metabolism, 78, 96, 130 laboratory values during, 34 methodological considerations, 34 special considerations, 240 twins/multiple infants, 79,112, 137, 240 ULs, 48 Lactic acid values, 62, 64, 94 Lactobacillus assays, 315, 333, 358 L-DOPA, 162 Latin Americans, pernicious anemia, 317, 323 Lean body mass, and sensitivity to nutrients, 48 Leber's optic atrophy, 346 Lecithin, 392, 395, 398, 400, 406-407, 408 Life-stage groups. Read the entire page →
From page 553... ... and cancer, 266, 521 and choline, 398 folate metabolism and, 214, 244, 245, 259, 263, 266, 520-521 and methionine formation, 88, 214, 244 and neural tube defects, 244, 245, 259 riboflavin and, 88 and vascular disease, 263, 398, 520 Methylmalonic acid, 244, 246, 313-314, 316, 318, 323-324, 335-337 Microbial synthesis of nutrients, 152 Migraine headaches, 144 Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, 262 Read the entire page →
From page 554... ... anthropometric data, 24, 25 biotin, 384 choline, 407 defined, 539 folate, 206, 221, 272, 273, 281, 282, 428, 430, 494-497, 512-515 homocysteine, 518-519 niacin, 144, 486-489 pantothenic acid, 369 riboflavin, 113, 116, 482-485 scope of intake data, 36, 37 thiamin, 82, 478-479 vitamin Be, 169, 187, 490-493 vitamin B12, 347, 431, 498-501, 516-517 National Health Interview Survey, 37, 3839, 138, 369, 384 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 282-283 Neoplastic tranformation, 16. See also Cancer Neural tube defects, 10, 11-12 anatomy, 241-242 animal studies, 244, 245, 523-525 classification, 241-242 embryology, 241-242, 404-405 erythrocyte folate and, 258-259 etiology, 233, 243-246, 523-525 folate and, 16, 23, 196, 205, 233, 240259, 269, 276, 283, 284, 435, 524 forms of, 241 genetic evidence, 244-245 homocysteine and, 244-245, 246, 524 inositol and, 524-525 levels of dietary folate and, 247, 276 maternal folate intake and, 246-253, 435 maternal folate status and, 256-257 mechanism of folate action, 258 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES methionine and, 524 and methyl malonic acid, 246 MTHFR and, 244, 245, 259 nutrition studies, 524-525 periconceptional folate supplement use and, 247-256 prevalence, 242-243 research recommendations, 283, 284 risk of, 254-256 race/ethnicity and, 242-243, 245 recommendations for risk reduction, 196, 258-259, 269 screening for, 242 socioeconomic status and, 245-246 teratology and, 246, 525 vitamin BE and, 246 zinc and, 277, 524 Neurological/neuropsychiatric disorders biotin and, 377 choline and, 407 folate and, 12, 16, 196, 205, 267269, 273-276, 277-279, 280, 281 niacin and, 126 pantothenic acid and, 359 thiamin and, 59 vitamin Be and, 12, 153-154, 160 vitamin BE and, 12, 273-274, 277-279, 280, 308, 311-312, 313, 316, 328, 329, 347 Niacin, 123-149 absorption and transport, 124-125 adolescents, 56, 131-137, 143-144 adults (19-50 years) Read the entire page →
From page 555... ... , 9, 132-135, 138, 142-143, 460-463 and oral contraceptives, 129 and pellagra, 125-126, 127-128, 132133 plasma concentrations, 127 preformed, 123, 128, 130, 131, 136, 138 pregnancy, 126, 128-129, 130, 135-136, 137, 143-144 protein intake and, 10, 125, 126, 128, 129, 132 RDAs, 123, 131-132, 135, 136, 137, 566567 research recommendations, 145 risk assessment, 145 special considerations, 137, 144 supplement use, 38-39, 138, 462-463, 488-489 tryptophan intake and, 10, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128-129, 130, 132, 135, 137, 138 ULs, 13, 22, 56, 123, 138, 140-145, 427 uncertainty assessment, 143 unit conversions, 451 Niacin equivalents, 10 Nicotinamide, 124, 125, 127, 140, 142, 256 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) , 123-124, 125, 127, 128, 132, 145 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) Read the entire page →
From page 556... ... , 366-367 oral contraceptives and, 362 pregnancy and, 367 research recommendations, 371 risk characterization, 370 socioeconomic status and, 363 special considerations, 370 supplement use, 38-39, 362, 366, 369 ULs, 13, 56, 370 uncertainties, 366 unit conversions, 452 Parkinson's disease, 409, 412 Pellagra, 125-126, 127-128, 132-133 Pepic ulcer disease, 144 Peritoneal dialysis patients, 18, 79, 112, 137, 383 Pernicious anemia folate and, 274-275, 280 Read the entire page →
From page 557... ... See also Asians; Blacks; Latin Americans; Whites and neural tube defects, 242-243, 245 and pernicious anemia, 280, 317 and plasma homocysteine, 203 Radioligand binding assays, 315 Recommendations. See also Research recommendations food composition data, 15, 434 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) Read the entire page →
From page 558... ... ~8 Reference body weight ratio method, 31, 33 biotin, 381 choline, 412 folate, 215, 280 niacin, 130, 143 pantothenic acid, 362-363 riboflavin, 104-105, 106 thiamin, 66 vitamin Be, 167 Reference weights, 24-26, 56, 65, 425 Renal disease/failure/insufficiency choline and, 409, 412 folate and, 203 thiamin and, 60 vitamin Be and, 159, 160 vitamin B12 and, 313, 336 Requirement, defined, 17 Research recommendations adverse effects, 15, 441-442 agenda development, 437-438 biotin, 385-383, 440 choline, 413-414, 440 chronic disease risk reduction, 15, 16, 441 depletion-repletion study design, 438439 developmental disorders, 441 folate, 1, 2, 16, 283-284, 439, 440, 441 indicator of nutrient status, 188, 438439, 441-442 interrelationships among nutrients, 413, 440 kinetic modeling of body pools, 439 knowledge gaps and, 439-440 methodologies, 16, 440, 438-439 neural tube defects, 283, 284, 441 niacin, 145 pantothenic acid, 371, 440 priorities, 413, 442 public health implications of intakes, 441 requirements studies, 439-440 riboflavin, 116 thiamin, 82-83 toxicity of nutrients, 15, 441-442 vitamin Be, 16, 188 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES vitamin B12' 2, 16, 348, 439, 441-442 Retinoids, 246, 525 Rheumatoid arthritis, 212-213 Riboflavin, 87-122 absorption, 88-89, 102, 115 adolescents, 105-106, 110-112, 116 adults (19-70 years) , 8, 87, 92, 107-109, 110-112, 114 AIs, 103-105 bioavailability, 88, 95 and cancer, 90, 94 chemistry, 87-88, 95 children, 92, 105-106, 116 and chronic disease, 90, 94 deficiency, 90, 91, 107, 111, 127-128 dose-response assessment for ULs, 116 drug interactions, 94 EARs, 8, 97-102, 105-106, 107-112, 116, 427 elderly (>70 years) Read the entire page →
From page 559... ... See also Hypersensitivity allergic, 81-82 defined, 34-35 fetal, 48 interindividual variability in, 48-49 Sensory neuropathy, 150, 182-183, 184185, 187 Serum levels of nutrients. See individual nutrients Sickle cell disease, 187 Skiers, 64 Smoking, 211-212, 320-321 Socioeconomic status and nutrient intake, 245-246, 363 Special considerations alcohol consumption 240 biotin, 383 breastfeeding twins, 79, 137, 240 choline, 402, 409, 412 chronic disease, 144, 342, 409, 412 dialysis patients, 18, 79, 112, 137, 383 Read the entire page →
From page 560... ... . See Adults, >70 years energy utilization and, 27, 28, 62-63, 75, 77, 78 erythrocyte concentrations, 60, 62, 64, 67, 74 erythrocyte transketolase activity, 10, 58,60,61,64,67,69,71,73,74,75, 76 excretion, 10, 58, 59, 60-61, 64, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 75, 77, 82 exposure assessment, 82 factors affecting requirement, 62-64 fetal, 76 food composition data, 458 food sources, 79, 80 function, 10, 27, 58, 63 gender differences, 14, 72, 81, 82 genetic factors, 61 hazard identification, 81-82 indicators of adequacy, 10, 60-62, 67, 69, 82 infants, 31, 56, 60, 65-66, 78 intakes, 31, 38-39, 58, 79-81, 82, 460463, 466-467, 478-481, 502, 506 interactions with other nutrients, 88, 361-362 laboratory values, 456, 458 lactation, 63, 78, 79, 82 and lactic acid values, 62, 64 life-stage group and, 38-39, 65-79, 427, 466-467, 478-481, 502, 506 Read the entire page →
From page 561... ... , 308, 315, 339 Transketolase activity, 10, 58, 60, 61, 64, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76 Triamterene, 213 Trimethoprim, 213 561 Trimethylaminuria (fishy body odor) , 390, 408, 409, 411, 412 Trimetrexate, 213 Tryptophan, 88, 90, 96 abnormal metabolites, 153 catabolites, 154, 157-158, 162, 163-164, 170, 173, 177 conversion to niacin, 10, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128-129, 130, 132, 135, 137, 138 riboflavin and, 88, 90, 96 Tuberculosis patients, 162 U Uncertainty approaches for dealing with, 507-511 assessment, 54-55 in data, 43, 46 in dietary intake estimates, 69, 72, 366 dose-response assessment for ULs, 5455 extrapolation from experimental animals to humans, 43-44, 46, 55 factor, 54-55, 540 interindividual variability in sensitivity, 55 in LOAEL, 55 in RDAs, 425 in risk assessment, 13, 43-44, 46, 47-48, 55, 507-511 subchronic NOAEL to predict chronic NOAEL, 55 Unit conversions for nutrients, 451-452 U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 562... ... . See Adults, >70 years energy metabolism and, 27, 160 and erythrocyte aminotransferase, 154, 157, 161, 167, 168-169, 172-173, 174-175, 177 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES excretion, 152, 156-158, 161, 168, 173 exposure assessment, 187 factors affecting requirements, 160-164 fetal, 156, 166, 176-177 food composition data, 458 food sources, 179-181 forms of, 150-151 function, 10, 27, 150, 151, 161 gender differences, 152, 153-154, 155, 170-174, 175-176, 181 hazard identification, 182-183 and homocysteine catabolism, 158-159, 170-171, 175, 244 indicators of adequacy, 10, 16, 23, 150, 154-160, 161, 164, 165, 168-169, 176, 177, 188 infants, 150, 156, 164, 165-167, 178, 183, 186-187 intakes, 38-39, 150, 166-167, 168, 179182, 187, 460-463, 472-473, 490-493, 504 interaction with other nutrients, 28, 88, 90, 96, 128, 129, 158, 159, 161162, 202, 413 laboratory values, 333, 456, 458 lactation and, 165, 166-167, 178-179, 183, 186-187 life-stage group and, 38-39, 164-179, 181, 184-187, 427, 472-473, 490-493, 504 metabolism, 151-152, 153-154, 155, 157, 158, 164, 172 methods used to set AIs, 153, 165-167 methods used to set EARs, 153, 165 microbial synthesis, 152 and neural tube defects, 244, 256 and neurological/neuropsychiatric disorders, 12, 153-154, 160 NOAEL/LOAELs, 184-186 older adults (51+ years) Read the entire page →
From page 563... ... . See Adults, >70 years enterohepatic circulation, 309-310 excretion, 310, 320-321, 331 exposure assessment, 347 factors affecting requirements, 318, 320-322 fetal, 339-340 folate and, 199, 202, 210-211, 273-274, 277-279, 280, 281, 307, 311, 314, 321 food-bound, 320 food composition data, 459 food interactions with, 322 food sources, 306, 309, 342-343, 344345, 435 and formiminoglutamic acid, 314 function, 11, 27, 158, 306, 307, 311 gastrointestinal effects, 312 gender differences, 14, 321, 343, 345, 346, 347 genetic considerations, 322, 347 hazard identification, 346-347 hematological status/response, 306, 311, 312-313, 327-329 and holotranscobalamin II, 314 and homocysteine levels, 158, 159, 306, 314, 316, 336 indicators of adequacy, 11, 23, 312316, 327-331, 335-337 infants, 56, 322-326, 339-340 intakes, 38-39, 306, 313, 330-331, 334335, 337, 342-346, 347, 429, 431, 460-461, 464-465, 476-477, 498-501, 505 interaction with other nutrients, 88, 158, 199, 210-211, 273-274, 307, 321, 391, 413 intrinsic factor and, 306, 307-308, 310, 315, 317, 318, 330, 333, 339 laboratory values, 457, 459 lactation and, 322-325, 341-342 life-stage group and, 38-39, 322-342, 427, 476-477, 498-501, 505, 516-517 Read the entire page →
From page 564... ... See Body weight; Reference weights Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 58 Whites pernicious anemia, 317 riboflavin, 106 Women. See also Gender differences; Lactation; Pregnancy biotin, 384 choline, 390, 399-400 energy metabolism, 133 folate, 14, 23, 201, 224, 229, 260, 270271, 272 indicators used to set EARs, 98-102, 171-174 niacin, 123, 133, 135, 138, 139, 144 obese, 174 pantothenic acid, 362, 365 postmenopausal, 400 riboflavin, 87, 96-97, 98-100, 107, 108, 109-110, 113, 114 thiamin, 72-73, 75, 79, 80, 82 vitamin Be, 150, 152, 153, 155, 171-174, 180-181 vitamin Bl2, 306, 343, 344, 345 weight-reducing/exercise training, 9697, 108 World Health Organization, 41 X Xanthurenic acid 157-158, 172, 175 z Zinc, 277, 524 Read the entire page →
From page 566... ... . 1 DFE = 1 fig food folate = 0.6 fig of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 fig of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. Read the entire page →
From page 567... ... fBecause 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their ROTA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12. gIn view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 fig from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. Read the entire page →

From page 541...

... Inclex A Abortion, spontaneous, 258 Absorption of nutrients. See also Bioavailability of nutrients; Malabsorption syndromes biotin, 376 choline, 392-393 folate, 1, 8-9, 198, 211, 212, 233, 256, 259 niacin, 124-125 pantothenic acid, 358, 366 pregnancy and, 33, 89 riboflavin, 88-89, 102, 115 sensitivity considerations, 48 thiamin, 59, 62, 81-82 vitamin Be, 151, 160-161 vitamin B12, 33, 306, 307-309, 313, 317, 318, 320, 322, 328, 330, 331, 333, 334, 339, 429 Acetaldehyde, 164 Acetaminophen, 212 Acne, 346 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)