America's Vital Interest in Global Health Protecting Our People, Enhancing Our Economy, and Advancing Our International Interests (1997) / Chapter Skim
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2: The Globalization of Health: Common Problems, Common Needs
2: The Globalization of Health: Common Problems, Common Needs
Pages 11-18
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From page 11... ...
This increased movement of people and goods, occurring in a context of growing political instability, means that risks are being transferred too: for example, opportunities for the transmission of emerging and resurging infectious diseases have increased, and more people than ever before are exposed to substances from other countries that potentially affect their health, from food to tobacco and from weapons to banned drugs There are at least four routes for the international transfer or acquisition of health risks: (1) the movement of people; (2)
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From page 12... ...
The emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases in the United States and abroad pose serious challenges to our detection and surveillance systems. As people travel and international trade and telecommunications increase, toxic products, both legal and illegal, reach wider markets.
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From page 13... ...
. A recent assessment of global health trends suggested that by 2020, ischemic heart disease is likely to replace respiratory infections as the world's leading cause of ill health, followed by depression and road traffic accidents (see Table 2-2~.
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From page 14... ...
1983 Helicobacter pylori Bacterium Peptic ulcer disease 1989 Hepatitis C Virus Parenterally transmitted non-A' non-B liver infection 1992 Vibrio cholerae 0139 Hantavirus Bacterium 1994 CIypotospiridium Protozoa 1995 Ehrlichiosis Bacterium New strain associated with epidemic cholera Adult respiratory distress syndrome Enteric disease Severe arthritis? SOURCE: Adapted from CISET, 1995.
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From page 15... ...
POVERTY AND HEALTH Poverty has been shown to be of overwhelming importance as both a direct and an indirect cause of poor health, and, in turn, ill health makes people poor. Studies have shown, for example, that the cost of an average case of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa is equivalent to about 12 days of productive output; the total cost of malaria in 1995 for the region was estimated at 1 percent of gross domestic product (WHO, 1996b)
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From page 16... ...
notes, "The health of cities in the developed world depends in some measure on developing nations' efforts to control new diseases and drug-resistant strains of old ones incubating in their slums. The developed world ignores at its peril the problems of Third World cities." RISING COSTS OF HEALTH CARE AND THE NEED FOR HEALTH SYSTEM REFORM In 1990, public and private expenditures on health care worldwide reached $1,700 billion, or 8 percent of world economic output (World Bank, 1993)
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From page 17... ...
Since global health policy is likely to be strongly influenced by the shape these organizations take in the future, all countries have a direct interest in their development. The international health institutions include the UN agencies, programs, and funds; the development banks; and the multilateral development agencies.
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From page 18... ...
18 co { o = . _ m 1.5 Oh j 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 0.5 o AMERICA 'S VITAL INTERESTIN GLOBAL HEALTH World Bank Loans for Health ~~ ~0 -- }-~-~-'[~!
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