Women’s Issues in Transportation: Summary of the 4th International Conference, Volume 2: Technical Papers (2011) / Chapter Skim
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163 What Is the Role of Mothers in Transit-Oriented Development? The Case of Osaka–Kyoto–Kobe, Japan E
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164 WOMEN'S iSSUES iN TRANSPORTATiON, vOLUME 2 opment, and high population density. in that context, this paper considers children's trip generation and accompaniment by parents by time of day and mode, parents' time spent chauffeuring by school type, accompaniment by destination, the influence of various built environment measurements and car ownership on accompaniment and the accumulated time burden on parents.
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165ROLE OF MOTHERS iN TRANSiT-ORiENTED DEvELOPMENT Parents may view chauffeuring as good parental behavior. Weston did a qualitative study involving teens in Austin, Texas, 13, 14, and 15 years of age in which she found that two of the parents mentioned that their children did not travel alone as they were "Christian" families (8)
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166 WOMEN'S iSSUES iN TRANSPORTATiON, vOLUME 2 higher population density. Therefore, lower densities restrict options for children to travel independently.
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167ROLE OF MOTHERS iN TRANSiT-ORiENTED DEvELOPMENT as this will most likely correspond to reduced transit service among other factors. comparison BeTWeen uniTed sTaTes and Kei–han–shin This section compares some of the travel metrics obtained from the survey of children from the Kei–Han–Shin area with comparable available data on children's travel from the United States (2)
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168 WOMEN'S iSSUES iN TRANSPORTATiON, vOLUME 2 analysis and discussion of Japanese children Children's trip generation and parental accompaniment by time of day and mode, parents' time spent chauffeuring by school type, accompaniment by destination, the influence of various built environment measurements and car ownership on accompaniment and the accumulated time burden on parents are examined next. All data come from the children's travel diary.
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169ROLE OF MOTHERS iN TRANSiT-ORiENTED DEvELOPMENT for trips by only the mother with siblings (0.203, p < .001) , mothers do not accompany the majority of trips in which both children are going to the same destination, nor are they on the majority of trips (12.8%)
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170 WOMEN'S iSSUES iN TRANSPORTATiON, vOLUME 2 Time Spent on Accompanied Trips The average time spent accompanying a child on trips during a weekday are shown for three different school types available in this data set in Table 4. For the local schools very little time is spent accompanying a child (<5 min)
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171ROLE OF MOTHERS iN TRANSiT-ORiENTED DEvELOPMENT the majority of trips until 6 p.m. The majority of trips for children occur between 10 a.m.
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172 WOMEN'S iSSUES iN TRANSPORTATiON, vOLUME 2 involved in more trips on a Sunday, which is consistent with the cultural behavior of family-centered activities on Sundays. The peak number of trips when only the mother accompanied a child was from 4 to 7 p.m., which was the same as during the week.
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173ROLE OF MOTHERS iN TRANSiT-ORiENTED DEvELOPMENT Destination Similar to on weekdays, the most commonly accompanied trips were to restaurants or shopping and the same argument could be made that they are likely not servepassenger trips, but family trips (Table 7)
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174 WOMEN'S iSSUES iN TRANSPORTATiON, vOLUME 2 The negative correlation between three-way intersections and travel with only the mother may be related to the type of built environment. Within this built area, higher counts of three-way intersections were associated with older, more "organic" (meaning less planned)
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175ROLE OF MOTHERS iN TRANSiT-ORiENTED DEvELOPMENT time is reduced despite lower average travel speeds (by traveling with nonmotorized modes or through greater congestion)
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176 WOMEN'S iSSUES iN TRANSPORTATiON, vOLUME 2 children must rely on their parents or others that are of driving age. Considering the fatality rates of young drivers (28)
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177ROLE OF MOTHERS iN TRANSiT-ORiENTED DEvELOPMENT Overview and Plenary Papers, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp.
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178 WOMEN'S iSSUES iN TRANSPORTATiON, vOLUME 2 likely reduce anxiety for parents over independent travel by children. in a Scottish study, the authors cited work that suggested adults who were not mass transit users in their youth were less likely to use it (Atkins 1996 in Derek Halden Consultancy 2003)
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