A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports (2015) / Chapter Skim
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Safety Risk Assessment (SRA) P A R T V This part presents a detailed discussion about the SRM application likely to be the most visible to airport management, staff, and stakeholders.
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81 SRM processes are used to address many different types of safety issues, from simple hazards, like FOD originated from uncovered trash cans, to very complex airport construction and improvement projects that affect airfield operations. These examples illustrate conditions that require changes to how the airport does business.
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82 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports 16.1 Benefits of an SRA Among the most important benefits of convening a panel and performing an SRA are as follows: • The SRA takes the airport through a full and systematic process to identify hazards and reduce risk levels. • The SRA coordinates the actions of multiple airport functions (e.g., operations, maintenance, engineering, and ARFF)
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Introduction to SRA 83 complaints from the FAA ATCT personnel that maintenance staff is not using proper ingress/ egress procedures to access the airfield movement areas. The Director of Maintenance determines an SRA may help determine risks and identify actions for the maintenance department to take to improve the use of correct procedures.
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84 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports In general, the SRA should primarily be considered as a proactive planning evolution. It is best used in advance of a planned system change or as a result of safety trend analysis.
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Introduction to SRA 85 SRA Trigger Description Example Construction Airfield improvement Runway 15 extension Airfield rehabilitation Resurfacing Taxiway C Airfield maintenance (beyond day to day work) Rubber removal; chip seal on Runway 10 Construction of tower Construction of new ATC tower Terminal expansion Additional gates and gate areas Landside roadway reconfiguration Additional lanes into the terminal area Parking area modifications or rehab Parking garage rehab or updating facilities Changes in access roads onto airport property Adding or subtracting lanes and access points Standard Operating Procedures Changes New SOP SOP for towing aircraft; SOP for mowing grass in safety areas Modification to existing SOP Changes to SOP on snow removal due to new equipment Airport Organization Significant changes to airport organizational structure or key personnel Rearranging the Department of Operations; creating an SMS Division Safety Reports (Hazardous Condition Reports)
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86 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports 16.4 Categories of SRA Triggers This section explains and provides examples of the most common triggers used by airports to define the need to conduct an SRA. 16.4.1 Hazard Reports Hazard reports at airports are used to describe safety issues (e.g., presence of wildlife, damaged NAVAID, and FOD)
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Introduction to SRA 87 16.4.2 Accident and Incident Reports Accident and incident reports constitute an important category of triggers. In most cases, these reports lead to an accident or incident investigation.
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88 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports areas. Having many workers and much equipment in a confined area, often under substantial time pressure, creates an environment in which injuries and aircraft damage may occur.
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Introduction to SRA 89 Sometimes the simple analysis and trending of data may help identify the focus of actions to mitigate risks. However, to understand which actions will be more effective will require a discussion with SMEs or personnel from specific airport functions.
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90 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports In this example, each towing incident caused major problems and legal actions for the small airport. The airport management was seeking alternatives to reduce the negative perception of stakeholders and ensure the view that hiring airport services for towing aircraft was safe.
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Introduction to SRA 91 • Appendix C: SRM Process Tools presents practical processes and associated tools for use during the SRM process • Appendix D: SRM Templates presents additional templates, risk matrixes, SRA report structures and examples • Appendix E: Preliminary Hazard Lists provides lists of common hazards for various categories of airport safety issues • Appendix F: Typical Accident and Incident Rates presents historical accident and incident rates for airport safety issues that can be used as baselines during the SRA process • Appendix G: Typical KPIs and Associated Data provides examples of typical Key Performance Indicators that may be used/created by the airport for monitoring trends after SRA control actions have been implemented • Appendix H: Basic Probability and Statistics for SRM presents basic approaches to calculating probability and statistics which are intended to support the risk assessment portion of SRM
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92 The SRA process can be divided into three different parts: preparation, conduct, and documentation. Each part includes two or more subtasks, as illustrated in Figure 17-1.
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Conducting an SRA 93 SRAs are relatively new and represent a change to business practices for airports. Those that participate will need prior notification and guidance.
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94 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports 17.1.4 Identify Facilitator Identifying an experienced facilitator is important to a successful SRA. The person should be selected immediately after a decision is made to conduct the SRA.
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Conducting an SRA 95 17.1.6.2 Develop Preliminary Hazard List (PHL) A Preliminary Hazard List can save valuable time during the panel's brainstorming sessions.
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96 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports (allowing staff to have time for their daily responsibilities and provide more information for the SRA process if necessary) , a single session lasting a full day, and a single half-day session.
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Conducting an SRA 97 17.2.2 Step 2: SRM Presentation/Training The introductory briefing is next. An SRM briefing/training is presented to familiarize the participants (particularly those who have not participated in SRA exercises)
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98 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports things to avoid during the meetings (e.g., responding to text messages, answering phones, and sidebar conversations)
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Conducting an SRA 99 risk mitigations resulting from discussions and convert those decisions into action. To improve the quality of the SRA, the group should be asked "What went well?
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100 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports • Hazards, Risks, and Risk Values • Mitigation Actions and Responsibilities • Conclusions and Recommendations • Attachments The cover should provide the name of the airport, the type of report, the theme of the safety assessment, the report number, the report version, and the date. 17.3.2.1 Quality Assurance and Version Tracking Some SRA reports will be reviewed by several participants and decisionmakers.
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Conducting an SRA 101 17.3.2.3 Mitigation Actions and Responsibilities This section can be a single table or multiple tables with each presenting a single hazard. Table 17-3 presents a description of each field.
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102 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports 17.3.3 Submit Report Following the completion of the documentation, the airport should have a documented process that describes how the report is to be submitted and accepted by the appropriate management personnel. These personnel may include the SMS manager, the Accountable Executive, the project sponsor, or other personnel authorized to accept and ensure the risk mitigation plan is implemented and tracked to determine if it is successful.
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103 18.1 Preparing to Facilitate an SRA An experienced facilitator can help ensure the success of an SRA. Ideally, a facilitator who is also a SME in the safety issue that triggered the SRA and who has no conflict of interest with the parties involved should be selected.
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104 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports 18.1.1 Invitations to Participate Following the initial briefing with the airport staff, decisions need to be made concerning the invitations to participate in the SRA. The first decision is on the responsibilities to prepare and send the invitations.
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Facilitating an SRA 105 18.1.3 Risk Matrix The guidebook's appendices contain several sample risk matrixes for use by an airport. Appendix D is specifically provided to give airport operators options to select risk matrixes that best fit their needs.
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106 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports important. Alternately, panel members experienced with SRAs may have had a bad experience, such as a protracted timeline, arguments among panel members, or poor data, which may arouse negative feelings about the process.
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Facilitating an SRA 107 • Referring to the timeline prior to taking breaks and coming out of breaks so that panel members see progress and can adjust accordingly • Starting on time after breaks and refreshment periods • Having a plan for how long each step in the process will take for discussion and decisions • Asking panel members what can be done to ensure the process and the timeline proceeds efficiently • Calling time-out and reminding the panel members that their time is valuable and you, as the facilitator, want to ensure it is not wasted. This may be necessary for those panels members who insist on straying off topic and discussing matters that do not directly pertain to the SRA • Striving to prevent participants from skipping ahead.
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108 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports • Allow some discussion, but be mindful of the schedule and call the panel members back if need be. Some discussion is important because it gives the panel members an opportunity to debate and perhaps discover issues that otherwise would not be mentioned • Take breaks.
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Facilitating an SRA 109 SRA panel members will sometimes want to assess risk based on the worst outcome of the hazardous condition and not necessarily on the worst credible outcome. People tend to believe that all hazardous conditions could lead to a catastrophic event.
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110 19.1 SRA Planning At small airports, an SRA will likely involve few people, regardless of the complexity of the issue. Typically, panel members will come from the airport staff.
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111 The FAA may require some 14 CFR Part 139 certificated airports to develop and maintain an SMS that encompasses aircraft movement areas of the airfield. The SMS should include the four components: safety policy, safety risk management, safety assurance, and safety promotion.
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112 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports System to Identify Hazards A system to identify hazards is a key element of the airport SMS. The airport may decide to use or create a hotline for hazard reporting or to use its IT systems and create a tool for online reporting of hazards.
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SRM and the FAA 113 the objectives defined by the airport and, in some cases, these objectives are documented in the SMS manual. For example, a large airport established a safety objective of reducing by 40% the monthly number of birdstrikes causing adverse effect to flights over a period of 2 years.
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114 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Some safety assurance processes used by the FAA, like Part 139 certification inspections, have been in place for decades. With the implementation of the FAA ARP's internal SMS, some triggering actions for safety assessments have been established and may require interactions with the airport operator, as presented in Table A-1.
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SRM and the FAA 115 Figure A-3. FAA safety assessment process.
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116 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Document Responsibility Note SAS Form completed and signed by panel members, FAA official and airport sponsor FAA Airport sponsors sign the SAS form only if a panel is held and at the conclusion of the panel deliberations Project proposal summary Airport Sponsor Based on proposal documents Hazard identification and analysis tool worksheet and hazardmitigation plan completed by the panel Airport Sponsor In most situations the facilitator will beacquired/arranged by the airport Narrative of discussions and dissenting opinions Airport Sponsor In most situations the facilitator will be acquired/arranged by the airport Pictures, plans and other supporting documents and data FAA and Airport Including proposal documents Table A-2. Documentation responsibilities.
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117 The following material is designed to be customized, removed, and copied in order to provide a 5- to 6-page handbook that is scalable for all airports. The information in these examples is for illustration only.
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118 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports The Five Step Safety Risk Assessment Process 1. Describe the System The system is described to limit the scope of the risk assessment.
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SRM Handbook 119 Customizable Checklist for SRM ITEM DOCUMENTATION OR TASK OWNER STATUS A Meeting and Logistics 1. SRA Topic 1a.
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120 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Document Title (examples) Specific Document Responsible Party Status 1.
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SRM Handbook 121 Likelihood: Frequently Occurs once everymonth or XXXX commercial operations or XXXXXX passenger enplanements Probable Occurs once every year or XXXXX commercial operations or XXXXXXX passenger enplanements Remote Occurs once every 5 years or XXXXXXX commercial operations or XXXXXXXXX passenger enplanements Extremely Remote Occurs once every 10 years or XXXXXXX commercial operations or XXXXXXXXX passenger enplanements Extremely Improbable Occurs once every 20 years or over XXXXXXXX commercial operations or XXXXXXXXXX passenger enplanements PAGE 3 Definitions for Severity and Likelihood (Examples) Severity: People Assets Environmental Reputation Catastrophic Fatality+ Loss of an aircraft/or over $1,000,000 dollars in damage/or loss of critical system(s)
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122 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Roles and Responsibilities Table (typical examples) Role Organization Position Held Responsibilities SRA Sponsor Airport Accountable Executive, Safety Manager, Department Head Approve and or require the SRA to be conducted Ensure it is conducted in accord with the airport's protocols Participate as needed Review and approve results SRA Facilitator Airport or consultant (FAA led SRA may be provided by the FAA)
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123 C-1 Introduction This appendix presents templates to support risk assessments. The templates guide the user through the necessary steps to conduct an SRA and identify the most important factors and parameters in the process.
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124 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports An SMS Administrator could use this technique daily to make risk assessments of simple safety issues reported or identified during self-inspections. A formal report may not be required.
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SRM Process Tools 125 SOP, ACs, safety plans, and regular inspections are examples of existing controls (e.g., FOD control plan for a construction project)
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126 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Column 3 -- Outcome A short description of the outcome involved with the hazard. There may be one or more outcomes associated with each hazard.
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SRM Process Tools 127 C-6 Comparative Safety Assessment (CSA) A CSA is a comparison of the relative risk among multiple alternatives for resolving a safety issue or airport planning consideration.
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128 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports • Column 5 -- Existing Control or Requirement: Use this column to identify any measures in place that will help mitigate the risks associated with the hazard (e.g., FAA Orders, binoculars)
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SRM Process Tools 129 C-7 Bowtie The bowtie method of risk assessment is often used when quantitative data is available and is an excellent tool for communication to management. The focus is a single undesirable event (e.g., a runway/taxiway incursion at a specific hotspot or an aircraft overrun)
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130 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports an emergency plan, reduce emergency response time, improve ARFF training, and establish a recovery plan for operations)
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SRM Process Tools 131 System Failure What if?
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132 A P P E N D I X D D-1 Introduction The SRM templates support the SRM processes and procedures being developed by airports. Each section presents templates by category and briefly explains their origin.
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ITEM DOCUMENTATION OR TASK OWNER STATUS A –Meeting and Logistics 1. SRA Topic 1a.
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ITEM DOCUMENTATION OR TASK OWNER STATUS 13. Others?
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Topic: New Taxiway Turnoff A 12 (example) Item: Item to be Provided Person Responsible Status Logistics o Date o Time(s)
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136 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports D-3 Risk Matrix One of the critical steps in SRM is classifying the risks. Classifying the risks provides the opportunity to prioritize resources necessary to mitigate the risks effectively.
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SRM Templates 137 Figure D-2. Risk matrix from AC 150/5200-37.
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138 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Figure D-4 presents another type of risk matrix similar to that in use by the FAA and developed by consultants during the FAA Pilot Study. The cells are characterized by a letter representing the risk acceptability (low, medium, and high)
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Table D-3. Definitions for severity from the FAA ARP Internal Order 5200.11.
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140 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Table D-4. Definitions for severity (ACRP Report 1, Vol 2)
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SRM Templates 141 Table D-6. Severity definitions from a large-hub (SMS Pilot Study)
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Probability Definitions Table D-7. Qualitative criteria for risk likelihood from the FAA ARP Internal Order 5200.11.
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SRM Templates 143 Table D-8. Quantitative criteria for likelihood (ACRP Report 1, Vol 2)
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144 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports D-5 Detailed 5-Step SRM Process Table D-11 provides easy-to-follow, step-by-step guidance for process application during an SRA. Airport operators may choose to provide this template to SRA panel members for use during the SRA process.
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SRM Templates 145 • Column 3a -- Identify Existing Controls: This column is used to identify existing controls. It is important to consider these controls before assessing the level of risk and developing other mitigation actions.
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146 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Hazard Outcome Risk Assessment Mitigation RemainingRisk 1. Pedestrians on the airfield Impact to pedestrians Severity – Minor personal injury Likelihood – Probable Medium Risk 1.
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Hazard (1) Hazard Description (2)
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148 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports cells. This airport also elected to use color coding to provide a visual cue for the reader (yellow representing a medium RAC)
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Table D-15. SRM example mitigation table (construction)
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Table D-16. SRM example mitigation table (pilot study airport)
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SRM Templates 151 Table D-17. SRM example mitigation table (pilot study airport)
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152 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Table of Contents NOTE: insert a table of contents here for the report as necessary. Introduction The introduction should include the reason (trigger)
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SRM Templates 153 Define the System This section should follow a known approach in order to ensure the system is accurately captured. This guidebook promotes the use of the "5M" model.
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154 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports 1.1.9 Pilots a. Airlines (example)
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# Hazard Outcome (previously Risk) Risk Assessment Mitigation(s)
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156 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Mitigation Plan The mitigation action plan identifies the item to be investigated and/or deployed; the responsible party for implementing the investigation, documentation, reporting; and the completion date. Table X
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SRM Templates 157 Example Appendix A -- Airport Diagram
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158 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Example Appendix B -- Photos (Document the condition)
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SRM Templates 159 XXX Definitions for severity and likelihood. Likelihood: Frequently Occurs once every month or 5,600 commercial opera ons or 336,000 enplanements Probable Occurs once every year or 68,000 commercial opera ons or 4,000,000 enplanements Remote Occurs once every 5 years or 340,000 commercial opera ons or 20,000,000 enplanements Extremely Remote Occurs once every 10 years or 680,000 commercial opera ons or 40,000,000 enplanements Extremely Improbable Occurs once every 20 years or over 1,360,000 commercial opera ons or 80,000,000 enplanements Severity: People Assets Environmental Reputa on Catastrophic Fatality+ Loss of an aircra /or over $1,000,000 dollars in damage/or loss of cri cal system(s)
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160 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Figure X Risk matrix.
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SRM Templates 161 was carried out, towing procedures and each step of aircraft towing and phases were discussed to identify activities. This preliminary step assisted in facilitating the identification of hazards associated with each step and activity.
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162 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports (see Attachments A and B)
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SRM Templates 163 7. Summary of Risk Mitigation Actions This section includes a list of safety issues for this particular safety risk assessment that should be addressed by the XXX staff and Flight School.
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164 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports XXX FBO List of Risk Control Actions • Comprehensive review of aircraft tow safety procedures prepared by XXX • Coordination with ATC, Contractors, airlines, Tenants and XXX FBO services escorting, ingress and egress procedures, airfield closures, marking and lighting, emergency routes • Ensure coordination with ATC to identify aircraft towing/relocation in close proximity to taxiway boundaries for each tow operation • Ensure availability of effective communication measures • Ensure XXX SOPs are followed • Ensure tow crew is briefed and has clear instructions on tow route and steps • Identify areas of jet blast potential tow route • Ensure vehicles are properly marked/lighted inside the AOA 8. Attachments • XXX Towing Procedures • XXX FBO Towing Procedures • Pictures of Accidents D-11 Example of SRA Report for Large Airport TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.
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SRM Templates 165 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Brainstorming Tool Figure 2: Risk Matrix Figure 3: XXX AOA and Deicing Pads Figure 4: Risk Reduction LIST OF TABLES Table 1: SRA Panel Participants Table 2: Likelihood Classification Criteria Table 3: Severity Classification Criteria Table 4: Safety-Significant Activities Table 5: Safety-Significant Activities -- Anchor Elements Table 6: Hazards, Risks and Risk Values Introduction Background The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is conducting a Part 139 Safety Management System (SMS)
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166 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Name Position Organization Name1 Facilitator Org1 Name 2 SME Org1 Name 3 Facilitation Assistant Org2 Name 4 XXX Operations Name 5 XXX Operations Name 6 XXX Engineering Name 9 FAA FAA airports Name 10 FAA XXX ATC Name 7 Airline 1 Operations Name 8 Airline 2 Safety … … … Table x. Panel participants.
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SRM Templates 167 Identify the Hazards Once XXX stakeholders had described the system, they were asked "what could go wrong? " while performing each of the functions within the different safety-significant activity.
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168 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Table X Probability classification criteria.
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SRM Templates 169 Following the assignment of likelihood and severity values, each risk was assigned a value based on the risk matrix given in FAA National Policy, Order 5200.11 -- FAA Airports (ARP) Safety Management System.
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170 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports • Medium Risk (Yellow) – Medium Risk can be classified in the following three (3)
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SRM Templates 171 Functional Description There are several activities that are associated with winter weather operations at XXX, including the following categories: • Aircraft inspection and deicing operations • Snow and ice removal • Treatment of airfield areas contaminated with ice/snow • Airfield condition assessment • .
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172 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Physical Stressors Very low temperatures, frozen contaminants, deicing fluids and poor visibility will also influence the working environment. Physiological Stressors Early shifts, night shifts, weekend shifts, changing working hours, long working hours, very intensive work conditions.
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SRM Templates 173 Personnel Presence of • XXX staff that is unfamiliar with the Aircraft Movement Area (AMA) and FAA ATC coordination • Airline personnel operating deicing equipment that has limited experience working in the AOA • .
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174 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Procedures • Procedures associated with the safety-significant activities Materials • Snow and ice • Water • Type I deicing fluid • Type II deicing fluid • Type IV deicing fluid • Sand • Others Environment • Open Area • Snow • Ice • Wind Results Hazards, Risks and Risk Values The following is a summary of the Hazards, Effect (previously Risks) , Risk Severities (S)
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SRM Templates 175 Mitigating Actions Once the risk values were determined, a second evaluation took place in light of the mitigating actions associated with the winter weather operations at XXX and other actions XXX will put in place to control the identified risks. The following table provides a summary of the information derived for each hazard, associated risk and mitigating actions used to reduce the risk value.
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176 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Conclusions Main Hazards The key hazards identified in this analysis as a result of winter weather conditions at XXX can be summarized as follows: 1. Potential runway excursions as result of the following hazards: a.
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SRM Templates 177 3. Limited airport capacity leading to: a.
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178 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Risk Value As result of applying the identified mitigating actions, and their effect on the risk values, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. There are no "unacceptable" (HIGH)
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179 A P P E N D I X E Preliminary Hazard Lists (PHLs) Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Airfield Operations Haul routes crossing operational areas Collision with aircraft, vehicles, equipment and ground personnel Use "flagmen"; Escorts; Traffic control signals; Training; FAA AC for construction safety; Part 139; Construction Safety Phasing Plan (CSPP)
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180 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Hazard Outcome Common Mitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Interaction between construction, operations, maintenance, ARFF activities Runway/taxiway incursion, collision, delay responding to emergencies SOP; training; daily shift construction safety meetings; Part 139;FAA AC; CSPP Unfamiliarity of construction workers with airfield activities Damage to NAVAIDS, runway/taxiway incursions, damage to aircraft Training; construction manager presence with workers; supervision by airport operations personnel; marked and lighted areas; Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP Unfamiliarity of construction drivers with characteristics of airfield traffic Runway/taxiway incursion, collision Training; escorts; marked and lighted areas; Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP ARFF unaware of changes to access routes Delay in emergency response SOP; Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; Operational briefings Construction equipment breakdown Collision, interference with Part 77 surfaces Training; SOP; internal review process; CSPP; FAA AC; Part 139 Coordination and Communication Deficient coordination of construction activities with other airport activities (air traffic, ramp management, security, emergency, etc.) Runway/taxiway incursion, aircraft collision, obstacles, vehicle accident SOP; training; daily shift construction safety meetings; notification process; Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC Pilots unaware of airfield configuration changes, limitations and construction areas Runway/taxiway incursion, aircraft collision, obstacles, vehicle accident, aircraft, equipment, people, injuries SOP; NOTAMs; ATIS recordings; notification to chief pilots' offices, FBOs; timely publication change submittals to FAA and Jeppesen chartings; Part 139; FAA AC; Air Traffic Orders Airport staff and construction workers unaware of hazardous situations Runway/taxiway incursion, aircraft collision, obstacles, vehicle accident, injuries SOP; training; daily shift construction safety meetings; Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP Radio failure Runway/taxiway incursion, aircraft collision, obstacles, vehicle accident, injuries SOP; training on Air Traffic Control light gun signals; use of cell phones; escorts; CSPP; FAA AC; Part 139 Emergency Response Failure to update ARFF of construction areas and temporary access routes and closures Delay in emergency response SOP; Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; daily shift briefings ARFF unaware of deactivated water lines Delay in emergency response SOP; daily shift briefings; FAA AC; CSPP; Part 139 ARFF unaware of emergencies associated with construction activities Delay in emergency response SOP; daily shift briefings; FAA AC; CSPP; Part 139 Construction traffic crossing airfield areas Runway/taxiway incursion; Collision; Delay responding to emergencies Escorts; training; SOP; FAA AC; Part 139; CSPP Tall equipment Interference with NAVAIDS or Part 77 surfaces Training; SOP; internal review process; Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP
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Preliminary Hazard Lists (PHLs) 181 Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Security Unauthorized access to airfield areas Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incidents Continuous inspections of areas as possible; guards at gates/open areas; use of radar or FLIR security and CCTV systems; CSPP; FAA AC; Airport Security Plan; TSA Part 1542 Construction traffic outside defined work area ingress/egress routes Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incidents Use of escorts; marked and lighted routes; guards at ingress/ egress points; SOP; CSPP; FAA AC; Part 139 Failure of conspicuous identification of construction workers and equipment Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incidents Use of escorts; temporary ID badges and temporary vehicle signage; Part 139; TSA Part 1542; Airport Security Plan; onsite supervisor; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP Fences and Gates Temporary opening in airfield fences or gates due to construction activities Unauthorized access to AOA, runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident, wildlife strikes Continuous inspections of areas as possible; guards at open gates/areas; TSA Part 1542; Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP Construction equipment outside designatedwork areas Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident Training; SOP; designated marked and lighted work areas; CSPP; FAA AC; Part 139; escorts/construction managers on site Haul Routes Improper identification of temporary access routes Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident Escorts; training; SOP; CSPP; FAA AC; Part 139 Barricades and fences blocking driver's vision of oncoming traffic Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident Safety inspections by airport and construction management (CM)
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From page 176... ...
182 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Driving Vehicle and equipment operators who are unfamiliar with regulations pertaining to vehicle operations on the airfield Runway/taxiway incursion, collisions Training; SOP; Part 139; CSPP; escorts; speed limit signs; vehicle speed regulators; supervision monitoring FAA AC Escorting of construction equipment operators Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident Training; SOP; Part 139; CSPP; speed limit signs; vehicle speed regulators; FAA AC Driving under low visibility conditions Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident Training; SOP; Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; Surface Movement Guidance Control System Plan (SMGCS) ; escorts Construction drivers unfamiliar with airfield activities Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident SOP; training; daily shift construction safety meetings; Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP; escorts; marked and lighted work areas Operating equipment and or vehicles off of designated construction routes Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident, FOD SOP; training; daily shift construction safety meetings; Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP; escorts; marked and lighted work areas and routes Backing dump trucks and other equipment Occupational accident Backup walkers/flaggers; FAA AC; CSPP; Part 139 Deficient construction equipment maintenance Runway/taxiway incursion, FOD SOP; training; daily shift construction safety meetings; Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP; escorts; equipment shift inspections Escorting Failure to have "positive control" of escorting procedures Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident SOP; training; daily shift construction safety meetings; Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP; use of more than one escort; handout of escort route map on airfield and briefing of vehicles being escorted Low visibility conditions Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident SOP; PART 139; SMGCS; FAA AC; training; use of escorts; CSPP; Air Traffic Orders Deficient communication or training of escorting procedures Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident SOP; training; daily shift construction safety meetings; Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP; use of more than one escort; handout of escort route map on airfield and briefing to vehicle operators being escorted Earthmoving, Excavation, and Paving Excavation close to utilities and cables Power and system outages, collisions, runway/taxiway incursions and excursions FAA AC; CSPP; Part 139; excavation plan/ SOP and onsite supervision; daily shift briefings; hand digging until utilities/cables located Generation of debris to operational areas FOD damage SOP; FAA AC; CSPP; Part 139; training; FOD patrols; sweepers; wheel wash stations
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From page 177... ...
Preliminary Hazard Lists (PHLs) 183 Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Deficient identification of construction areas Surface accident, aircraft collision SOP; FAA AC; CSPP; Part 139 Failure to issue timely and accurate NOTAMs Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident SOP's; FAA AC; CSPP; Part 139; AIM Low visibility conditions Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident SOP; PART 139; SMGCS; FAA AC; training; use of escorts; CSPP; Air Traffic Orders Stockpiling spoils/soil in/near taxilane/taxiway/runway safety/obstacle free areas/zones Aircraft collision SOP; PART 139; FAA AC; training; use of escorts; CSPP; Air Traffic Orders; Part 77; FAA AC Staging equipment in/near taxiway or runway safety areas Collisions between equipment and aircraft SOP; PART 139; FAA AC; training; use of escorts; CSPP; Air Traffic Orders; Part 77; FAA AC Out of service obstruction lights Collisions between equipment and aircraft Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP; safety inspections Deficient equipment maintenance Runway/taxiway incursion, collision, surface incident, FOD SOP; training; daily shift construction safety meetings; Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP; escorts; equipment shift inspections; a planned/ preventive maintenance program by the contractor Dust generated by construction activities Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident, FOD SOP; CSPP; Part 139; contractor dust control plan Equipment left unattended at night Collisions FAA AC; Part 139; Part 77; Air Traffic Orders; CSPP; daily shift construction safety briefings Deficient construction quality FOD damage SOP; training; daily shift construction safety meetings; Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP; Quality control plan Disruption of weather reporting services Collision, runway excursion, major system failure, flooding SOP; training; Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC Miscommunications Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident Training; supervision; Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP; Air Traffic Orders; SOP Training Construction workers cannot understand English Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident Training; Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP; escorts; onsite supervision Construction workers in movement areawithout an understanding of airport rules and regulations for operations in the movement area Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident SOP; PART 139; SMGCS; FAA AC; training; use of escorts; CSPP; Air Traffic Orders
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From page 178... ...
184 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Construction workers in movement areas Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident SOP; PART 139; SMGCS; FAA AC;training; use of escorts; CSPP; Air Traffic Orders Deficient communication between contractor and airport operations Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident SOP; FAA AC; CSPP; Part 139; training Deficient driver and escort training Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident SOP; written and OJT testing; FAAAC; Part 139; CSPP Lighting, Marking, Signage Deficient marking, signaling and lighting of construction areas Collision, surface incident, runway/taxiway incursion Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP; training Out of service obstruction lights Collision Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP; training Incorrect use/installation of temporarymarking and lighting Collision, surface incident, runway/taxiway incursion Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP; training Power outage Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident, collision Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP; training Off Peak Construction Failure to build temporary ramps when resurfacing runways Blown tires, broken landing gear Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP; training Deficient procedures to open closed areas to operations Runway/taxiway incursion, collision Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP; training; supervision and monitoring Temporary ramps not complying with FAA recommendations Blown tires, broken landing gear Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP; training Aircraft operations in opposite direction of paving operations Blown tires, broken landing gear Part 139; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP; training; Air Traffic Orders Stockpiling Height and location of stockpiles close to safety areas Collision Part 129; Part 77; CSPP; FAA AC; SOP; training Generation of FOD FOD damage SOP; CSPP; FAA AC; Part 139; FOD patrols; sweepers; wheel wash stations Work in Safety Areas, Object Free Areas (OFA) , Object Free Zone (OFZ)
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From page 179... ...
Preliminary Hazard Lists (PHLs) 185 Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Deficient coordinationwith ATO Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident Part 139; CSPP; SOP; FAA AC; Air Traffic Orders; training FOD FOD damage SOP; CSPP; FAA AC; Part 139; FOD patrols; sweepers; wheel wash stations Loosemaintenance tools and parts FOD damage SOP; CSPP; FAA AC; Part 139; FOD patrols; escorts following vehicles NAVAIDS Construction workers unaware of NAVAIDS restrictions Aircraft accident, NAVAID damage SOP; CSPP; Part 139; Part 77; Air Traffic Orders; training; onsite supervision; FAA AC Proximity of construction vehicles to NAVAIDS Aircraft accident, NAVAID damage SOP; CSPP; Part 139; Part 77; Air Traffic Orders; training; onsite supervision; FAA AC Changes to airside aircraft traffic patterns due to construction Runway/taxiway incursion, surface incident, collision SOP, NOTAMs; Part 139; Air Traffic Orders; FAA AC; CSPP Trash from Construction Trash as wildlife attractants Wildlife strikes SOP, NOTAMs; Part 139; FAA AC; CSPP; FOD/ trash patrols Generation of FOD FOD damage SOP; CSPP; Part 139; FAA AC; FOD patrols Wildlife Movement Installation of temporary gates Wildlife strikes Guards; Part 139; Wildlife Hazard Management Plan (WHMP)
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From page 180... ...
186 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Hazard Outcome Common Mitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Birds Landfill close to the airport Birdstrikes Local ordinances; Wildlife Hazard Management Plan (WHMP) ; local Letter of Agreement; FAA AC; Part 139; SOP Wastewater treatment facilities near the airport Birdstrikes Local ordinances; Wildlife Hazard Management Plan (WHMP)
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From page 181... ...
Preliminary Hazard Lists (PHLs) 187 Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Migratory season for certain species Birdstrikes SOP; Part 139; local ordinances; Federal laws and regulations; FAA AC; training; Wildlife Hazard Management Plan (WHMP)
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From page 182... ...
188 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Hazard Outcome Common Mitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Pavements and Safety Areas Surface cracking with generation of lose fragments, chips FOD damage SOP; FAA AC; Pavement Management Program (PMS) ; Part 139; training; sweepers; FOD patrols Raveling of pavement surface with generation of lose aggregates FOD damage SOP; FAA AC; Pavement Management Program (PMS)
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From page 183... ...
Preliminary Hazard Lists (PHLs) 189 Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Hotspots Complex airfield configuration and intersections Runway/taxiway incursion Hotspots map; Letter of Agreement with Air Traffic; MOS special lighting; signage, markings; Runway Safety Action Team (RSAT)
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From page 184... ...
190 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Airfield Operations Snow removal ops in airfield areas Runway/taxiway incursion, runway excursion, surface accident Part 139; Air Traffic Orders; Letter of Agreement; ATIS; NOTAMs; training; FAA AC; SOP; escorts; Snow Plan Adverseweather elements and extended shifts Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident Part 139; Air Traffic Orders; Letter of Agreement; ATIS; NOTAMs; training; FAA AC; SOP; escorts Slippery pavement conditions Runway excursion, surface accident Part 139; Air Traffic Orders; Letter of Agreement; ATIS; NOTAM's; training; FAA AC; SOP; escorts; treat or close areas Radio failure Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident SOP; training on Air Traffic Control light gun signals; use of cell phones; escorts; FAA AC; Part 139 Deficient coordination between maintenance shifts and/or airport operations and/or FAA ATC Runway/taxiway incursion, runway excursion, surface accident Training; supervision; record of shift briefings; SOP; Part 139 Shortage of personnel due to inability to report to work Runway/taxiway incursion, runway excursion, surface accident SOP; training; Snow Plan; IROPS Plan; cross training of personnel Deficient coordination during snow removal ops Runway/taxiway incursion, runway excursion, surface accident SOP; FAA AC; training; Snow Plan; shift safety briefings; supervision on site Snow / Ice Plan Deficient planning tomitigate impact to airport operations Runway excursions, runway/taxiway incursions SOP; Snow Plan; IROPS Plan; training; FAA AC Deficient coordination between tenants, airlines and airport departments Runway/taxiway incursion, runway excursion, surface accident SOP; Snow Plan; IROPS Plan; training; FAA AC; scheduled conference call briefings Deficient Irregular Operations Plan (IROPS) Runway/taxiway incursion, runway excursion, surface accident FAA AC; Snow Plan; SOP; training Airfield condition reports that are not accurate Runway excursion, surface accident FAA AC; Snow Plan; Air Traffic SOP and Orders; ATIS; NOTAMs; notification to airlines/FBOs Missing contact info for key operational and emergency recall personnel Delay emergency response Activate emergency recall through Airport Emergency Plan list; SOP; news media announcements Deficient training of airport maintenanceworkers on airfield winter operations Runway excursion, surface accident SOP; Snow Plan; IROPS Plan; escorts Deficient training of contractor personnel to support snow operations Runway excursion, surface accident SOP; Snow Plan; conduct emergency training; onsite supervision Deficient coordination to notify ARFF/EMS/Police when access routes have changed Delay emergency response SOP; notification recording; FAA AC; temporary signage Deficient coordination to prioritize clearing of runways and taxiways Runway excursion, surface accident Snow Committee and Air Traffic notification; SOP; FAA AC Winter Operations
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From page 185... ...
Preliminary Hazard Lists (PHLs) 191 Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Coordination and Communication Deficient coordination to notify ARFF/EMS/Police when access routes have changed Delay emergency response SOP; notification recording; signage; FAA AC Deficient coordination to prioritize clearing of runways and taxiways Runway excursion, surface accident Snow Committee and Air Traffic notification; SOP; FAA AC NOTAMs not submitted in a timely and coordinated manner Runway excursion, surface accident Snow Committee and Air Traffic notification; SOP; FAA AC; ATIS Deficient communication to pilots on airfield condition reports, closed areas and limitations to operations Runway excursion, surface accident, collision Snow Committee and Air Traffic notification; SOP; FAA AC; ATIS; NOTAMs; scheduled conference call briefings Failure to monitor deice fluid capture tank levels Impact on environment Monitoring system with alarms for pre critical, critical areas; physical monitoring of tank/system levels; water/deice fluid water shed volumes reporting; Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP)
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From page 186... ...
192 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Hazard Outcome Common Mitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Deicer fluids and other contaminants outside of containment system Environmental impact Sand contaminated areas, boom fluids and collect later; monitor and assess if contaminants will have regulatory impact; SOP Radio failure in deice vehicles Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident SOP; training; Part 139; cell phone use; backup radios/onsite supervision with radio Breakdown of deice vehicles Collision, surface accident SOP; close area; mark/light area of vehicle Driving and Escorting Operating equipment outside of accepted regulations Collision, surface accident Training; SOP; Part 139; escorts; speed limit signs; vehicle speed regulators; supervisory monitoring; FAA AC Improper escort training for drivers Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; use of other qualified personnel Impaired road signage on ramps due to snow/ice/low visibility Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident, collision Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; monitor and correct issue Towing of Aircraft Slippery surfaces Surface accident, collision Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; training; pre check tow route and sand/treat Training Deficient training of personnel involved with deicing Environmental impact, collision, surface accident SOP; FAA AC; Part 139; use of other qualified personnel Snow clearing crews and equipment in movement areas Surface accident, collision Escorts; close runway and taxiways to be cleared; NOTAMs; conference call briefing; ATIS; training; SOP; FAA AC Deficient communication between snow clearing crews and airport/airfield operations crews Surface accident, collision Training; SOP; FAA AC; onsite supervision and monitoring Deficient SMGCS training Surface accident, collision Training; SMGCS Plan review; SOP; FAA AC; use escorts Lighting, Marking, Signage Deficient conspicuity of markings, lights and signs Surface accident, collision Part 139; FAA AC; SOP Out of service obstruction lights Surface accident, collision Part 139; FAA AC; SOP Equipment and Stockpiling Large equipment parked on/near safety areas Collision Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; Part 77; training Large stockpiles of snow on/near safety areas Collision Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; Part 77; training; Snow Plan Snow accumulated in proximity of NAVAIDS Aircraft accident, loss of operational capabilities Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; Part 77; training Ruts or wash outs and ponding of water Runway excursions Part 139; FAA AC; SOP Low visibility Environmental impact Monitoring and reporting of deice operations; shutdown deice operations until weather improves; training Deficient trained contract personnel Environmental impact, occupational accident, collision, surface accident Monitoring and reporting of deice operations; shutdown deice operations until deice operations properly conducted; onsite supervision; training; SOP
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From page 187... ...
Preliminary Hazard Lists (PHLs) 193 Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations NAVAIDS Snow clearing crews unaware of NAVAIDS location Aircraft accident, loss of operational capabilities Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; Snow Plan; training; onsite supervision Snow clearing vehicles near NAVAIDS Aircraft accident, loss of operational capabilities Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; Snow Plan; training; onsite supervision Changes to traffic routes causing aircraft to interfere with NAVAIDS Aircraft accident, loss of operational capabilities Part 139; Air Traffic Orders; Letter of Agreement; SOP; Snow Plan; training FOD Ice/snow debris from aircraft and vehicle routes FOD damage Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; Snow Plan; training FOD sweepers inoperative FOD damage Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; training Drainage Ponding and slippery surfaces due tomelting/freezing snow/ice Runway/taxiway excursions, collision Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; Snow Plan; training Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Airfield Operations Strong winds, flooding, or hail impacting aircraft, airline equipment stored on ramps Aircraft damage, equipment damage Part 139; Severe Weather Plan; SOP; FAA AC; Emergency Plan; training Deficient lightning and flood notifications to outside workers, tenants, airlines Damage to equipment, aircraft, worker injuries or death Part 139; Severe Weather Plan; SOP; FAA AC; Emergency Plan Changes to operation conditions Aircraft or vehicle accidents Part 139; Severe Weather Plan; SOP; FAA AC; Emergency Plan; conference call briefings Coordination and Communication Deficient coordination between airport activities (e.g., air traffic, ramp management, security, emergency)
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From page 188... ...
194 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Emergency Response Changes to emergency routes Surface accident Part 139; Severe Weather Plan; SOP; FAA AC; Emergency Plan; training; shift or special conference calls Impact of weather on water lines Reduction of ARFF capacity Part 139; Severe Weather Plan; SOP; FAA AC; Emergency Plan; training; conference call Security Damaged gates and broken fences Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident, wildlife strikes Part 139; Severe Weather Plan; SOP; FAA AC; Security Plan; TAS Part 1542; provide guards at open areas Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Airfield Driving Extended shifts, distractions, weather conditions, etc., impacting situational awareness Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; proper rest periods; onsite supervision; cross–train personnel; training Vehicle improperlymarked, lighted, equipped and not inspected prior to operation Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; shift safety briefings; training; supervisory monitoring Jet blast/prop wash on vehicles Damage to vehicle, injury to personnel Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; shift safety briefings; training Changes to procedures affecting airfield service routes Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; shift safety briefings; training; shift conference calls Deficient equipment/vehicle maintenance Surface accident, FOD Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; shift safety briefings; training; vehicle inspections Shared service/emergency/haul routes and crossings Surface accident Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; shift safety briefings; training; escorts Vehicle operators unaware of regulations regarding vehicle operations on the airfield Runway/taxiway incursion, collision Training; SOP; Part 139; escorts; speed limit signs; vehicle speed regulators; physical monitoring; FAA AC Nighttime driving conditions Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident Training; Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; shift safety briefings Coordination and Communication Deficient coordinationwith other airport activities (e.g., air traffic, ramp management, security, emergency) Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident, damage to aircraft Training; Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; shift safety briefings; shift conference calls; IROPS Plan Airside Driving
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From page 189... ...
Preliminary Hazard Lists (PHLs) 195 Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Changes to operations conditions and service routes Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident Training; Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; shift safety briefings; shift conference calls Use of improper aviation phraseology Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident Training; Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; shift safety briefings; supervision monitoring Loss of communicationwith ATC Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident Training; Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; training in use of alternative communicationmethods Emergency Response Shared service/emergency routes and crossings Surface accident Training; Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; shift safety briefings; shift conference calls Security Unauthorized vehicle access to airfield areas Runway/taxiway incursion, surface accident Training; Part 139; FAA AC; SOP; shift safety briefings; shift conference calls; Airport Security Plan; TSA Part 1542 Weather Adverseweather conditions (heavy rain, snow,moderate ice)
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From page 190... ...
196 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Hazard Outcome CommonMitigations or Source Material for Mitigations Interference with NAVAIDS Aircraft accident, loss of operational capabilities, delay in operations Training; SOP; Part 139; FAA AC; escort briefing prior to start of escort; map of escort route provided to vehicle operators being escorted Vehicle breakdown in aircraft operations or safety areas Collision, loss of operational capabilities, delay in operations SOP; FAA AC; training; notify supervision for action and close area to aircraft and emergency operations Changes to traffic routes causing interference with NAVAIDS Runway/taxiway incursion or surface accident Training; SOP; Part 139; FAA AC; escort briefing prior to start of escort; map of escort route provided to vehicle operators being escorted FOD Transition from unpaved areas to operational areas, carrying FOD FOD damage Training; SOP; Part 139; FAA AC; escort briefing prior to start of escort; map of escort route provided to vehicle operators being escorted; inspection of escorted vehicles prior to entering AOA operational areas; sweeper on call Safety Areas/Obstacle Free Zones/NAVAIDS
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From page 191... ...
197 A P P E N D I X F Typical Accident and Incident Rates Risk Category Subcategory Rate Source Data Period Runway/Taxi way Incursion Towered airports 2.5 runway/taxiway incursions per day in the U.S. GAO, 2008 Partial data from 2008 Towered airports 1 incursion per 167,000 operations GAO, 2008 1998 to 2007 Towered airports 1 collision per 37,500,000 operations FAA, 2004 2000 to 2003 Towered airports 1 fatality per 65,500,000 operations FAA, 2004 2001 to 2003 Runway Excursion Overrun landing 1 overrun in 1,050,000 landings ACRP Report 50, 2010 Overrun takeoff 1 overrun in 4,120,000 takeoffs ACRP Report 50, 2010 1982 2009 Undershoot 1 undershoot in 4,160,000 landings ACRP Report 50, 2010 1982 2009 Veer off landing 1 veer off in 840,000 landings ACRP Report 51, 2010 1982 2009 Veer off takeoff 1 veer off in 3,860,000 takeoffs ACRP Report 51, 2010 1982 2009 Fuel Spills Hydrant airport high pressure 1 spill per 6,700 operations WS ATKINS, 2000 1994 1998 Hydrant airport low pressure 1 spill per 1,100 operations WS ATKINS, 2000 1994 1999 Refueler airport low pressure 1 spill per 1,460 operations WS ATKINS, 2000 1994 1999 Ignition probability 1 ignition per 10,000 spills WS ATKINS, 2000 1994 1999 Risk of passenger fatality hydrant airport 1 fatality per 8,130,000,000 movements WS ATKINS, 2000 1994 1999 Risk of passenger fatality refueler airport 1 passenger fatality per 379,000,000,000 movements WS ATKINS, 2000 1994 1999 Ground Handling Incidents with aircraft damage 1 incident per 5,000 movements NLR, 2008 NA Damage rate in North America 1 damage per 10,000 movements ACRP Report 62 2006 2007 Damage rate in Europe 1 damage per 3,000 movements ACRP Report 62 2006 2007
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From page 192... ...
198 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Risk Category Subcategory Rate Source Data Period Birdstrikes GA aircraft 1 birdstrike to GA aircraft in 132,000 movements FAA, 2012 1993 to 2011 Foreign Object Damage Annual cost to aerospace industry USD 4 billion Boeing, 1998 Annual direct cost to global aviation industry USD 1.26 billion ACRP Synthesis 26, 2011 Annual direct cost to US aviation industry USD 474 million ACRP Synthesis 26, 2011 Annual total cost to global aviation industry USD 13.9 billion ACRP Synthesis 26, 2012 Annual total cost to aviation industry USD 5.2 billion ACRP Synthesis 26, 2013 Total no. of engine FOD events 1 event per 3,200 aircraft movements McCreary, 2008 Tech test/inspection 1 test/inspection per 6,700 movements McCreary, 2008 Blade pairs replaced 1 blade pair replaced per 5,900 movements McCreary, 2008 Tire FOD events 1 tire FOD event per 1,030 movements McCreary, 2008 Tires replaced due to FOD 1 tire replaced per 2,940 movements McCreary, 2008 Aircraft fuselage damage 1 aircraft fuselage damage per 3,850 movements McCreary, 2008 Birdstrikes Birdstrikes with damage to commercial aircraft 1 birdstrike with damage to commercial aircraft per 75,200 movements FAA, 2012 1990 to 2011 Birdstrikes with damage to GA aircraft 1 birdstrike with damage to GA aircraft per 417,000 movements FAA, 2012 1991 to 2011 Birdstrikes commercial aircraft 1 birdstrike to commercial aircraft per 7,300 movements FAA, 2012 1992 to 2011
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From page 193... ...
199 G-1 Introduction KPIs are quantifiable measures that a company or industry uses to gauge or compare performance in terms of meeting strategic and operational goals. KPIs vary among companies and industries, depending on priorities and performance criteria.
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From page 194... ...
200 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports 7. FOD program results a.
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From page 195... ...
201 Introduction SMS and SRM are terms that have been recently introduced to the airport industry -- they highlight the need to understand some basic principles of probability because risk has two components: severity and likelihood. While the meaning of severity is straightforward, understanding the term likelihood requires some basic understanding of probability.
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From page 196... ...
202 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Determining Probability Values Three methods typically are used to determine probability values.
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From page 197... ...
Basic Probability and Statistics for SRM 203 The interpretation is simple; however, it is sometimes misleading. That an event is expected to occur in 1 year does not mean that the event will take at least 1 year to occur.
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From page 198... ...
204 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Notations for Likelihood or Probability Different notations can be used to represent the likelihood or probability of an accident or incident as follows. Although smaller airports with less than 400 movements per day should use the FAA likelihood criteria based on the period, the probability may still be calculated using a baseline risk based on the number of operations.
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From page 199... ...
Basic Probability and Statistics for SRM 205 Complementary Events: These are events that have two possible outcomes. The probability of event A plus the probability of A′ equals one.
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From page 200... ...
206 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports P (C) is the probability that accident C type occurs P (A or B or C)
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From page 201... ...
Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005)
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From page 202... ...
TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED ISBN 978-0-309-30865-6 9 780309 308656 9 0 0 0 0 N O N -PR O FIT O R G .
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Key Terms
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