A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports (2015) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 51-73
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From page 51... ...
P A R T I V SRM in Daily Operations The previous parts of the guidebook focus on SRM principles and processes and how the 5-step process works. The chapters in this part link existing airport activities to SRM concepts and steps, explain how effective SRM uses mitigation strategies and risk controls the airport already has in place, and address ways airport personnel can apply SRM thinking when faced with unanticipated hazards in daily activities.
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From page 52... ...
57 Chapter 7 discussed how SRM can be phased to mirror the phases of an airport event or project. In the planning and preparation phases, looking into the future and formulating strategies to manage risk are key aspects of these SRM phases.
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58 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports • Delays: Errors can cause delays that interrupt schedules and cost money for air carriers and general aviation operators alike. Introducing SRM in the execution phase of airport operations minimizes and often eliminates these undesirable effects, thus improving airport efficiencies and operational effectiveness.
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From page 54... ...
SRM in Daily Operations 59 Performing SRM in the preparation phase is the bridge between SRM in the planning phase and the execution phase. Supervisors involved in complex changes should • Be well versed about the anticipated hazards identified in the planning phase • Understand the mitigations put into place to manage the anticipated risks • Brief all participants involved with the change on the anticipated risks and the planned mitigations • Ensure that participants understand their responsibilities in watching for the emergence of new hazards and addressing errors before they result in adverse outcomes Many risk mitigation actions reflect FAA recommendations contained in ACs.
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60 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Questions such as these can start the mental execution of the SRM process and will enhance both situational awareness and operational performance. 12.2.4 Responsibilities of Supervisors Supervisors are an extra set of eyes and the objective observers of operations on the airport.
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From page 56... ...
61 Both supervisors and frontline workers need an easy-to-recall way to both trigger and execute a quick run-through of the SRM process. The 5-step process described in Chapter 9 can be effective in a short-response situation if those facing risk decisions are well versed in the process.
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62 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports needed? Is there a way to call supervisors or emergency response assets?
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Time-Critical SRM -- ABCD Model 63 To illustrate the ABCD Model in action, the actions of a supervisor of a snow removal team during a snow event are used. The storm is worse than forecast.
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From page 59... ...
64 The last step in the SRM process is to mitigate and monitor the actions taken for the identified hazards. This step includes tasks and actions that should be implemented to reduce the risk.
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Implementing Mitigation Actions 65 Working with the worst rather than the worst credible outcome can have major effects on resources required to mitigate risks, and risk classification will lose its effectiveness because every risk will fall in one column of the risk matrix. In many situations, it will be significantly more expensive to implement actions for over-rated risks.
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From page 61... ...
66 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports to commercial aircraft is one per 7,300 movements. If we use this rate for a large airport with 1,000 commercial aircraft movements per day, one birdstrike per week is expected for the airport; however, if this rate is applied to a smaller airport with only ten commercial flights per day, a birdstrike is expected to occur approximately every 2 years.
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From page 62... ...
Implementing Mitigation Actions 67 At small airports, for most situations, the risk likelihood classifica tion is based on the expected time to occur between accidents or incidents resulting from a specific hazard. Here is an example using the "birdstrike scenario" for different size airports.
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68 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports two similar events had occurred and the likelihood was classified as "Remote (C) ." Therefore the existing risk was classified as 2C using the matrix, or high risk.
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Implementing Mitigation Actions 69 • Cost/benefit: the extent to which the perceived benefits of the mitigation outweigh the costs. Cost estimation of mitigation actions is normally a separate process but is essential to support decision making.
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70 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports airport measured runway friction after noticing excessive rubber accumulation on the runway surface and found that it is lower than acceptable levels. The airport then decided to issue a NOTAM announcing that poor braking conditions should be expected when the pavement was wet.
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From page 66... ...
Implementing Mitigation Actions 71 Safety Actions • What • When • Who Severity Probability Minimal 5 Minor 4 Major 3 Hazardous 2 Catastrophic 1 Frequent A Probable B Remote C Extremely Remote D Extremely Improbable E Safety Reporting Data Recording Screen, Process, Analyze &Monitor Collaborative Decision Making Web/ Network Airfield Phone Call Center Stakeholder Meetings Database Tower Figure 14-2. Decision making of risk control actions at large-hub airport (example)
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From page 67... ...
72 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports • Training programs • FARs, FAA ACs, Letters of Agreement (LOAs) , FAA Orders • Pilot reports (PIREPS)
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From page 68... ...
Implementing Mitigation Actions 73 Monitoring mitigation actions and risks involves three basic tasks: • Ensuring that mitigation actions are in place and having the desired effective outcome • Reassessing the risk based on observations or trends of performance indicators • Checking for unintended outcomes or creation of new hazards The first task involves ensuring that the responsible party has put the mitigation actions in place, that implementation schedules are being followed, and that changes can be measured. With the example of implementing a FOD Management Plan for airfield construction, during the construction period, airport operations and engineering staff may want to check the areas near the construction site frequently for the presence of FOD, even though Part 139 airports should already include this task in daily inspections processes.
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From page 69... ...
74 As discussed throughout the guidebook, small airports have less staff and resources to facilitate the easy addition of new approaches and tasks to routine operations. For small airports, SMS in general, and SRM in particular can be seen as a burden, rather than a benefit.
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From page 70... ...
Figure 15-1. Example of hazard and risk log.
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From page 71... ...
Document Title Number Description Air Traffic Control Order JO 7110.65 Provides Air Traffic Control Procedures and Requirements Irregular Operations Plan –Tarmac Delay Plan Order 5200.10 Provides Guidelines and Requirements for Developing and Compliance with a Tarmac Delay Plan (IROPS) Foreign Object Debris Management AC 150/5210 24 Provides Guidance on Foreign Object Damage (FOD)
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From page 72... ...
Document Title Number Description Guidebook for Airport Irregular Operations (IROPS) ACRP Report 65 Provides Guidance on Developing an Irregular Operations Plan Construction Safety Phasing Plan (CSPP)
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From page 73... ...
78 A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports Advisory Circular Number Standards for Airport Markings AC 150/5340 1 Reporting Wildlife Aircraft Strikes AC 150/5200 32 Performance Specifications for Airport Vehicle Runway Incursion Warning System AC 150/5210 25 Aircraft Fuel Storage, Handling, Training and Dispensing on Airports AC 150/5230 4 Airport Design AC 150/5300 13 Engineered Materials Arresting Systems (EMAS) for Aircraft Overruns AC 150/5220 22 Qualifications for Wildlife Biologists Conducting Wildlife Hazard Assessments and Training Curriculums for Airport Personnel Involved In Controlling Wildlife Hazards on Airports AC 150/5200 36 Operational Safety On Airports During Construction AC 150/5370 2 Airport Avian Radar Systems AC 150/5220 25 Airport Foreign Object Debris (FOD)
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