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OCR for page R1
Predicting
Feel Intake of
Food-Producing
Animals
Subcommittee on Feed Intake
Committee on Animal Nutrition
Board on Agriculture
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1987
OCR for page R2
National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
~ T ~ IT ~ ~
Washington, DC 20418
N() l lo: l he project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National
Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee
responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a
Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National
Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate
the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and
of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by
the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a
private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating
agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of
their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is
administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of
Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences.
This study was supported by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and
by the Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services. Additional support was provided by the American Feed Industry Association, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Predicting feed intake of food-producing animals.
Includes index.
1. Feeds. 2. Animal nutrition. 3. Livestock.
4. Fishes-Feeding and feeds. I. National Research
Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Feed Intake.
SF95.P72 1986 636.08'5 86-21851
ISBN 0-309-03695-X
Copyright A) 1986 by the National Academy of Sciences
No part of this book may be reproduced by a mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of
a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for
public or private use, without written permission from the publisher, except for the purposes of official use by
the U.S. government.
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
Preface
In animal production enterprises, profits greatly de-
pend on the ability to successfully maximize feed in-
take. It is essential, therefore, to understand the large
number of physiological, environmental, and manage-
ment factors that influence feed intake. Although there
is still much to learn, scientists and producers have iden-
tified many of these factors through research and expe-
rience. Data are also available to quantify them.
The twofold purpose of this report is to discuss control
mechanisms of feed intake and to quantify intake for
each of the animals commonly used for food and fiber in
the United States. For each species, a separate chapter
provides equations and adjustment factors that can be
used to predict dry matter intake, tests these equations
and factors using independent data, and identifies areas
that need further research.
The widespread use of microcomputers makes diet
evaluation and performance projections feasible. Our
goal was to assemble the best information available in a
usable form to allow accurate predictions of intake un-
der widely varying conditions. The subcommittee chose
to present specific applications rather than more com-
plete models because of the rapid evolution of ap-
proaches to computerization. However, factors may be
easily adjusted to suit the user's particular needs. We
hope that a better understanding of factors involved in
feed intake will lead to more efficient formulation of
animal diets.
· · -
111
The Subcommittee on Feed Intake was appointed in
1982 under the auspices of the Board on Agriculture's
Committee on Animal Nutrition (CAN) to develop rec-
ommendations for predicting intake of animals.The re-
port includes chapters on all major food-producing
animals. The following individuals were responsible for
respective sections of the report: Clifton A. Baile, Intro-
duction: Feed Intake Control Mechanisms; Gary L.
Rumsey, Fish; Richard Ewan, Swine; Park W.
Waldroup, Poultry; H. Russell Conrad, Dairy Cattle;
and Danny G. Fox, Beef Cattle and Sheep. Ling-Tung
Koong reviewed prediction equations in the species
chapters and provided advice on validation procedures.
This report was reviewed by the Committee on Ani-
mal Nutrition; the Board on Agriculture; and 13 outside
reviewers David H. Baker, Lane O. Ely, Richard D.
Goodrich, Wayne J. Kuenzel, Leo S. Jensen, Santosh P.
Lall, David R. Mertens, Donald Polin, Hugh A. Poston,
Rodney L. Preston, Nathan E. Smith, Richard G.
Shields, and T. S. Stably. The subcommittee is grateful
for the efforts of these individuals and thanks Deena H.
Krestel-Rickert for her assistance in preparing the in-
troductory chapter. We especially acknowledge the con-
tributions of Selma P. Baron, who served as staff officer
during the early preparation of this report.
DANNY G. FOX
Chairman
OCR for page R4
SUBCOMMITTEE ON FEED INTAKE
DANNY G. FOX, Chairman, Cornell University
CLIFTON A. BAILE, Monsanto Company and Washington
University
H. RUSSELL CONRAD, Ohio State University
RICHARD EWAN, Iowa State University
LING-JUNG KOONG, University of Nevada, Reno
GARY L. RUMSEY, Tunison Laboratory of Fish Nutrition,
U.S. Department of the Interior
PARK W. WALDROUP, University of Arkansas
COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL NUTRITION
JAMES G. MORRIS, Chairman, University of
California-Davis
FRANK AHERNE, University of Alberta
RICHARD E. AUSTIC, Cornell University
JIMMY H. CLARK, University of Illinois
DONALD E. JOHNSON, Colorado State University
ROY J. MARTIN, JR., University of Georgia
FREDRIC N. OWENS, Oklahoma State University
GARY L. RUMSEY, Tunison Laboratory of Fish Nutrition,
U.S. Department of the Interior
DALE R. WALDO, Animal Science Institute, U.S.
Department of Agriculture
Staff
CARLA CARLSON, Reports Officer and SeniorEditor
GRACE JONES ROBBINS, AssistantEditor
1V
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BOARD ON AGRICULTURE
WILLIAM L. BROWN, Chairman, Pioneer Hi-Bred
International, Inc.
JOHN A. PING, Vice Chairman, Inter-American
Development Bank
PERRY L. ADKISSON, Texas A&M University
C. EUGENE ALLEN, University of Minnesota
JOSEPH P. FONTENOT, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University
ROBERT M. GOODMAN, Calgene, Inc.
RALPH W. F. HARDY, Cornell University and BioTechnica
International, Inc.
ROGER L. MITCHELL, University of Missouri
CHARLES C. MUSCOPLAT, Molecular Genetics, Inc.
ELDOR A. PAUL, Michigan State University
VERNON W. RUTTAN, University of Minnesota
THOMAS D. TRAUTMAN, General Mills, Inc.
[AMES G. TEER, Welder Wildlife Foundation
IAN VAN SCHILFGAARDE, Agricultural Research
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
VIRGINIA WALBOT, Stanford University
C()NR An T WEISER, Oregon State University
CHARLES M. BENBROOK, Executive Director
v
OCR for page R6
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Contents
I INTRODUCTION: FEED INTAKE CONTROL MECHANISMS
2 FISHES
3 SWINE
4 POUI`TRY
5 DAIRY CATTLE
6 BEEF CATTLE
7 SHEEP .....
INDEX
.16
.42
·e
V11
.56
.75
.83
OCR for page R8
List of Tables and Figures
FIGURES
1-1 Factors controlling feeding behavior, 9
3-1 Digestible energy intake of creep feed, 26
3-2 Digestible energy intake of pigs between 5 and 20 kg body weight, 27
3-3 Digestible energy intake as an asymptotic function of body weight, 28
3-4 Digestible energy intake by lactating sows, 31
3-5 Effect of temperature on digestible energy intake, 33
3-6 Effect of energy density on daily DE intake, 35
5-1 Feed intake of Holstein cows during and after lactation, 49
6-1 Relationship between dietary energy concentration and dry matter intake in growing
cattle, 57
6-2 Relationship of stage of growth and weight of a steer when placed on a high-energy diet to
dry matter intake, 58
6-3 Environmental effects on dry matter intake, 60
6-4 Effect of forage standing crop on the relative forage dry matter intake (relative DMI)
of lambs, calves, and dairy cows grazing pasture under continuous grazing manage-
ment, 61
6-5 Effect of daily forage allowance on the relative forage dry matter intake (relative DMI) of
lambs, calves, and dairy cows grazing pasture under rotational grazing management,
62
6-6 Effect of grazing pressure under rotational grazing on relative production, 62
6-7 Influence of diet type and protein level on dry matter intake, 63
Predicted intake of yearling steers, 69
Intake versus initial weight, 69
Predicted gain without discounting diet NE, 70
6-8
6-9
6-10
6-11
6-12
7-1
7-2
7-3 Pelleted diet intake of growing lambs, 80
7-4 Silage intake of growing lambs, 81
7-5 Dry matter intake of chopped grass by wethers, 81
Dry matter intake of dry beef cows, 72
Dry matter intake of grazing beef cows nursing calves, 72
Relationship of stage of growth to intake in sheep, 76
Dry matter intake of sheep as related to diet energy density, 78
· · -
vail
OCR for page R9
List of Tables ant! Figures ix
TABLES
1-1 Summary of Factors Influencing Food Intake, 11
2-1 Food Particle Size Recommendations for Trout, 20
2-2 Fish Feeding Guide, 21
2-3 Comparison of Recommended Feeding Levels (Percent of BW to Feed/Day) for Rainbow
Trout at 15°C, 22
2-4 Comparison of Recommended Feeding Levels (Percent of B-W to Feed/Day) for Rainbow
Trout at Three Water Temperatures and Five Different Fish Sizes, 22
3-1 Solids Intake by Nursing Pigs, 26
3-2 Creep Feed Intake by Nursing Pigs, 26
3-3 Lactation Digestible Energy Intake, 30
3-4 Effect of Breed on Daily Digestible Energy Intake, 31
3-5 Effect of Sex on Daily Digestible Energy Intake, 32
3-6 Effect of Space Allocation on Daily Feed Intake, 34
4-1 Estimated Dry Matter Intake of Laying Hens at Different Stages of Egg Production, 46
Estimated Dry Matter Intake of Broilers at Different Ages, 46
5-1 Comparison of Intake Predictions (percent BW/day) for a Cow Weighing 600 kg with
Zero BW Changes, 50
5-2 Validation of Various Equations for Predicting Dry Matter (DMI) and Digestible Energy
(DEI) Intake of Lactating Cows Using Independent Data, 52
5-3 Predicted Dry Matter Intake (DMI) in Dairy Cows, 54
6-1 Adjustments for Sex, Age, Breed, Feed Additive, Growth Stimulants, and Seasons, 64
6-2 Adjustment of Actual Weight to Average Frame Equivalent Weight, 66
6-3 Adjustment for Body Fat, 66
6-4 Adjustment for Finely Processed Diets, 66
6-5 Adjustment for Environmental Conditions, 66
6-6 Adjustment for Milk Production of Beef Cows, 67
6-7 Forage Intake of Nursing Calves, 67
6-8 Expected Percentage of Water in Total Daily Intake of Cattle, 67
6-9 Evaluation of Methods for Predicting Intake of Yearling Steers, 68
Evaluation of Dry Matter Intake Prediction for Calves, 71
6-10
7-1 Determination of Stage of Growth, 78
7-2 Intake Adjustment for Stage of Growth, 79
7-3 Adjustment for Lactation, 79
7-4 Adjustment Factors for Temperature, 79
7-5 Evaluation of Equations to Predict Intake of Sheep, 80
OCR for page R10
