|
Items in cart [0] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
PAPERBACK PDF BOOK Free Resources |
||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page R1
Disposal of
nc~ustria~ arch
Domestic Wastes
Lance arch Sea
A~:ernatives
Boarc~ on Ocean Science arch Policy
Commission on Physical Sciences,
Mathematics, arch Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1984
OCR for page R2
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS ~ 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. ~ Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report
was approved by the Governing Board of the National
Research Council, whose members are drawn from the
councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of
Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for
the report were chosen for their special competences and
with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than
the authors according to procedures approved by a Report
Review Committee consisting of members of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering,
and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the
National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the
broad community of science and technology with the
Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of
advising the federal government. The Council operates in
accordance with general policies determined by the
Academy under the authority of its congressional charter
of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private,
nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The
Council has become the principal operating agency of both
the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy
of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and
engineering communities. It is administered jointly by
both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The
National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of
Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively,
under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 84-61446
International Standard Book Number 0-309-03484-1
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
Organizing Committee for the Workshop on
Land, Sea, and Air Options for the Disposal of
industrial and Domestic Wastes
STANLEY I. AUERBACH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Cochairman
EDWARD D. GOLDBERG, Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
Cochairman
NORMAN H. BROOKS, California Institute of Technology
JUDITH M. CAPUZZO, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
JAMES A. CRUTCHFIELD, University of Washington
DAVID A. DEESE, Boston College
WILLIAM F. GARBER, Bureau of Sanitation, Los Angeles
GEORGE A. JACKSON, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RICHARD F. SCHWER, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
MARY HOPE KATSOUROS, Senior Staff Officer
· · ~
OCR for page R4
Board on Ocean Science and Policy
D. JAMES BAKER, Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.,
Vice-Chairman (Acting Chairman)
G. ROSS HEATH, Oregon State University (Chairman
effective October 1, 1984)
KIRK BRYAN, Princeton University
JOHN P. CRAVEN, University of Hawaii
CHARLES L. DRAKE, Dartmouth College
PAUL M. FYE, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
EDWARD D. GOLDBERG, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
JUDITH T. KILDOW, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOHN A. KNAUSS, University of Rhode Island
JAMES J. McCARTHY, Harvard University
H. WILLIAM MENARD, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
C. BARRY RALEIGH, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory
ROGER REVELLE, University of California, San Diego
DAVID A. ROSS, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
BRIAN J. ROTHSCHILD, University of Maryland
WILLIAM M. SACKETT, University of South Florida
JOHN H. STEELE, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
CARL I. WUNSCH, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
NANCY G. MAYNARD, Executive Secretary
iv
OCR for page R5
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics,
and Resources
HERBERT FRIEDMAN, National Research Council, Chairman
ELKAN R. BLOUT, Harvard Medical School
WILLIAM BROADER, Princeton University
BERNARD F. BURKE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
HERMAN CHERNOFF, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MILDRED S. DRESSELHAUS, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
WALTER R. ECKELMANN, Sohio Petroleum Company
JOSEPH L. FISHER, Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of
Virginia
JAMES C. FLETCHER, University of Pittsburgh
WILLIAM A. FOULER, California Institute of Technology
GERHART FRIEDLANDER, Brookhaven National Laboratory
EDWARD A. FRIEMAN, Science Applications, Inc.
EDWARD D. GOLDBERG, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
CHARLES L. HOSLER, JR., Pennsylvania State University
KONRAD B. KRAUSKOPF, Stanford University
CHARLES J. MANKIN, Oklahoma Geological Survey
WALTER H. MUNK, University of California, San Diego
GEORGE E. PAKE, Xerox Research Center
ROBERT E. SIEVERS, University of Colorado
HOWARD E. SIMMONS, JR., E.I. du Pont de Nemours &
Company, Inc.
JOHN D. SPENGLER, Harvard School of Public Health
HATTEN S. YODER, JR., Carnegie Institution of Washington
RAPHAEL G. KASPER, Executive Director
v
OCR for page R6
OCR for page R7
Contents
INTRODUCTION
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP REPORT
1. REPORT OF THE PANEL ON SLUDGE MANAGEMENT AND
PUBLIC POLICY
1.1 Definition of the Problem
1.2 Constraints on Policy Implementation
1.2.1 The Statutory Framework
1.2.2 The System of Public Administration
1.2.3 Economic Factors
1.3 Analytical Methods and Information Needs for
Developing and Assessing Public Policy on
Waste Management
1.3.1 The Assumptions
1.3.2 The Context for Waste-Management
Decision Making
1.3.2.1 Weighting
1.3.2.2 Scale of Resolution
1.3.2.3 Boundaries of the Problem
1.3.3 Scientific Uncertainty and the Value
of Information
1.3.4 The Effects of Concern from Decision
Making
Matrix Approaches to Multimedia
Assessment
Methodological Problems of Integrating
Various Types of Information
1.3.7 Methods for Resolving Conflict in the
Public Policy Process
1.4 Conclusions
Notes and References
vii
1
4
8
9
10
11
14
16
19
20
21
22
22
23
23
24
26
33
33
35
37
OCR for page R8
2. REPORT OF THE PANEL ON MARINE SCIENCES
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ocean Processes Determining Transport, Fate,
and Effects
2.2.2 The Process-Oriented Approach
2.2.2.1 Physical Processes
2. 2.2.2 Chemical Processes
2.2.2.3 Biological Processes
2.2.3 Predictions of Concentrations and
39
39
41
41
43
48
51
Fluxes 55
2.2.3.1 Basis for Prediction 55
2.2.3.2 Information Needs for
Prediction 56
2.3 Case Study: Proposed Deep-Ocean Discharge of
Sewage Sludge
2.3.1 Suspended Solids
2.3.1.1 Synthetic Organics
2.3.1. 2 Dissolved Oxygen/Biochemical
57
59
60
Oxygen Demand 62
2.3.1.3 Nutrients 63
2.3.1.4 Metals 65
2.4 Ultimate Fate 68
2.5 Overview 69
2.5.1 Assessment of Capabilities
2.5.2 Information Needs Resulting from
Prediction
References
3. REPORT OF THE PANEL ON LAND DISPOSAL
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Waste Properties
3.2.1 Pathogen Content
3.2.2 Acute Toxicity
3.2.3 Chronic Toxicity
3.2.4 Toxicant Mobility
3.2.5 Biodegradability/Persistence
3.2.6 Bioaccumulation
3.2.7 Waste Component Interactions
3.2.8 Phytotoxicity
3.2.9 Incompatibility with Containment
Systems
3.2.10 Volume
. . .
vain
70
70
70
73
73
75
77
77
78
78
79
80
80
80
81
81
OCR for page R9
3.3 Site Properties
3.3.1 Hydrologic Considerations
3.3.1.1 Characterization of Loading
81
81
Rate 83
3.3.1.2 Overland Runoff 85
3.3.1.3 Water-Flow Velocity 87
3.3.1.4 Transport in the Groundwater
System 88
Transport in Surface-water
Systems
3.3.1.6 Summary of Hydrologic
Considerations
3.3.1.7 Land-Use Considerations
3.3.2 Terrestrial Ecological Considerations
3.4 Facility Design Properties
3.4.1 Location
3.4.2
3.4.3 _
3.4.4
3.4.5
3.4.6
3.4.7
References
3.3.1.5
Site Selection
Barriers to Waste Migration
Waste Segregation
Maintainability
Site Development
Monitorina
4. REPORT OF THE PANEL ON BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
4.1 Site Evaluation
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Marine Site Evaluation
4.1.2.1 Nearshore Disposal
4.1.2.2 Deep-Water Disposal
4.1.3 Terrestrial Site Evaluation
Criteria for Evaluation of Ecosystem Effects
4.2.1 General Aspects of Ecosystem
Evaluation
Effects on Species
Community Stability
4.2.3.1 Resistance
4.2.3.2 Recoverability
4.2.4 Productivity Changes
4.2.5 Transport of Waste Constituents
4.2.6 Habitat Types
4.2.6.1 Uniqueness
4.2.6.1 Recoverability
4.2.6.1 Nursery Grounds
4.2.7 Monitoring Ecosystem Effects
4.2.2
4.2.3
1X
91
92
93
93
94
94
95
95
96
96
96
97
98
101
101
101
102
102
106
107
109
109
112
113
113
114
115
116
117
117
118
119
120
OCR for page R10
4.2.8 Health Effects--Pathogens
4.2.8.1 Pathogen Problems Associated
with Marine Disposal
4.2.8.2 Pathogen Problems Associated
with Land Disposal
120
122
126
4.2.9 Toxicological Effects--Toxicants 128
4.2.10 Summary 131
132
136
4.3 Information Needs
References
5. CASE STUDY A: REPORT OF THE PANEL ON SEWAGE
SLUDGE
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Why Must Wastewater Sludges Be
Studied?
5 .1.2 Availability of Required Information
5.1. 3 Approach to the Problem
5 .2 The Material
5.2.1 Source
5 .2.2 Wastewater Treatment Processes
5. 2.3 Sludge Conversion
5. 2.4 Pathogens
5.2.5 Trace Metals
5. 2.5.1 Potentially Harmful Trace
Elements
5.2.5.2 Phytotoxic Elements in
Sludge
5.2.5. 3 Selection of Disposal/
Utilization Sites
146
146
146
148
149
150
151
151
154
155
157
158
161
162
163
163
163
164
165
165
166
167
5.3.4.1 Chemical Fixation 167
5 .3.4. 2 Thermal Fixation 168
5.4 Local Considerations 169
S. 4.1 Environmental Considerations 170
S.4. 1.1 Geography 170
5.4.1.2 Climate 170
5.4 .1. 3 Unique Environmental Features 170
~ . 4 . 1. 4 Other Factors 171
5.3 Available Disposal and/or Reuse Options
S.3.1 Thermal Processes
5.3.1.1 Incineration
5.3.1. 2 Pyrolysis
5.3.1.3 Wet Combustion
5.3.2 Land-Based Alternatives
5.3.3 Ocean-Based Alternatives
5.3.4 Other Processes
OCR for page R11
5.4.2 Sociopolitical Factors
5.5 Evaluation Process
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Human Health Risk
5.5.3 Conclusions
5.5.4 Financial Assessment
5.6 Summary
References
6. CASE STUDY B : REPORT OF THE PANEL ON INDUSTRIAL
WASTES
6.1 Introduction
6 .2 Consideration of Alternatives
6.2.1 Screening of Alternatives
6 .2.2 Detailed Evaluation
6. 2.3 Cost Estimation for Alternatives
6.2.4 Final Listing of Alternatives
6.3 Impact Assessment
6.3.1 Environmental Impacts
6.3.2 Institutional Impacts
6.4 Decision Making
6.5 Case Study
6.5.1 Background
6.5 .1.1 Neutralization and Land
Disposal
6.~.1.2 Ocean Disposal
6 . 5 . 1. 3 Conclusion
6 . 6 Conclusions and Information Needs
References
Appendix A: Participants
X1
171
172
172
178
179
180
181
182
186
186
188
189
190
190
191
191
193
197
197
198
198
199
203
203
206
207
209
OCR for page R12
OCR for page R13
Disposal of
nc~ustria~ arch
Domestic Wastes
Lance arch Sea
A~ternati\/es
OCR for page R14
